Web Protocols and Practice: HTTP/1.1, Networking Protocols, Caching, and Traffic (Paperback)

Balachander Krishnamurthy, Jennifer Rexford

  • 出版商: Addison Wesley
  • 出版日期: 2001-05-14
  • 售價: $1,952
  • 貴賓價: 9.5$1,854
  • 語言: 英文
  • 頁數: 672
  • 裝訂: Paperback
  • ISBN: 0201710889
  • ISBN-13: 9780201710885
  • 相關分類: HTTP
  • 立即出貨 (庫存=1)

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Description

Web Protocols and Practice: HTTP/1.1, Networking Protocols, Caching, and Traffic Measurement is an all-in-one reference to the core technologies underlying the World Wide Web. The book provides an authoritative and in-depth look at the systems and protocols responsible for the transfer of content across the Web. The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is responsible for nearly three-quarters of the traffic in today's Internet. This book's extensive treatment of HTTP/1.1 and its interaction with other network protocols is an indispensable resource for students. This book details the evolution of and complete details of the basic building blocks of the Web. Beginning with an overview of Web software components, Web Protocols and Practice then describes the suite of protocols that form the semantic core of how content is delivered on the Web. The second half of the book examines Web measurement and workload characterization and presents a state-of-the-art report on Web caching and multimedia streaming. The book ends with a discussion of research perspectives to highlight topics that may impact the future evolution of the Web.

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Table Of Contents

I. GETTING STARTED.

1. Introduction.
Origin and Growth of the World Wide Web.
Historical Evolution of the Web.
The State of the Web.

Semantic Components of the Web.
Uniform Resource Identifer (URI).
HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Terms and Concepts.
Content on the Web.
Software Components.
Underlying Network.
Standardization.
Web.
Web Applications.

Topics Not Covered.
Tour Through the Book.

II. WEB SOFTWARE COMPONENTS.

2. Web Clients.
Client as a program.
Evolution of the browser.
Web-related browser functions.
Canonical Web transfer example.
Issuing a request from a browser.
Browser caching.
Request message headers.
Response handling.

Browser configuration.
Physical appearance.
Semantic choices.
Configuring browser for non-protocol functions.

Browser security issues.
Cookies.
Motivations for cookies.
Use of cookies in a browser.
User's control over cookies.
Privacy problems with cookies.

Spiders.
Searching on the Web.
Spider client.
Use of spiders in search engines.

Intelligent agents and special-purpose browsers.
Intelligent agents.
Special-purpose browsers.

Summary.

3. Web Proxies.
History and evolution of intermediaries.
High-level classification of proxies.
Caching proxy.
Transparent proxy.

Proxy applications.
Sharing access to the Web.
Caching responses.
Anonymizing clients.
Transforming requests and responses.
Gateway to non-HTTP systems.
Filtering requests and responses.

HTTP-related proxy roles.
Steps in request-response exchange with a proxy.
Handling HTTP requests and responses.
Proxy as Web server.
Proxy as Web client.
Example use of a proxy.

Proxy chaining and hierarchies.
Proxy configuration.
Proxy privacy issues.
Other kinds of proxies.
Reverse proxies or surrogates.
Interception proxies.

Summary.

4. Web Servers.
Web Site Versus Web Server.
Web Site.
Web Server.

Handling a Client Request.
Steps in Handling a Client Request.
Access Control.
Dynamically Generated Responses.
Creating and Using Cookies.

Sharing Information Across Requests.
Sharing HTTP Responses Across Requests.
Sharing Metadata Across Requests.

Server Architecture.
Event-Driven Server Architecture.
Process-Driven Server Architecture.
Hybrid Server Architecture.

Server Hosting.
Multiple Web Sites on a Single Machine.
Multiple Machines for a Single Web Site.

Case Study: Apache Web Server.
Resource Management.
HTTP Request Processing.

Summary.

III. WEB PROTOCOLS.

5. Protocols Underlying HTTP.
Internet Protocol.
Evolution of the Internet Architecture.
IP Design Goals.
IP Addresses.
IP Header Details.

Transmission Control Protocol 0.
Socket Abstraction 1.
Ordered Reliable Byte Stream.
Opening and Closing a TCP Connection.
Sliding-Window Flow Control.
Retransmission of Lost Packets.
TCP Congestion Control.
TCP Header Details.

Domain Name System.
DNS Resolver.
DNS Architecture.
DNS Protocol.
DNS Queries and the Web.
DNS-Based Web Server Load Balancing.

Application-Layer Protocols.
Telnet Protocol.
File Transfer Protocol.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
The Network News Transfer Protocol.
Properties of Application-Layer Protocols.

Summary.

6. HTTP Protocol Design and Description.
Overview of HTTP.
Protocol properties.
Protocol infuences.

HTTP language elements.
HTTP terms.
HTTP/1.0 Request Methods.
HTTP/1.0 Headers.
HTTP/1.0 Response classes.

HTTP Extensibility.
SSL and Security.
SSL.
HTTPS: Using SSL in Web exchanges.
Security in HTTP/1.0.

Protocol compliance and interoperability.
Version number and interoperability.
MUST, SHOULD, MAY requirement levels.

Summary.

7. HTTP/1.1 221.
The evolution of HTTP/1.1 protocol.
History of evolution.
Problems with HTTP/1.0 25.
New concepts in HTTP/1.1.

Methods, headers, response codes in 1.0 and 1.1.
Old and new request methods.
Old and new headers.
Old and new response codes.

Caching.
Caching related terms.
Caching in HTTP/1.0.
Caching in HTTP/1.1.

Bandwidth optimization.
The Range request.
The Expect/Continue mechanism.
Compression.

Connection Management.
The Connection: Keep-Alive mechanism of HTTP/1.0.
Evolution of HTTP/1.1 persistent connection mechanism.
The Connection header.
Pipelining on persistent connections.
Closing persistent connections.

Message transmission.
Extensibility.
Learning about the server.
Learning about intermediate servers.
Upgrading to other protocols.

Internet address conservation.
Content negotiation.
Security, authentication, and integrity.
Security and authentication.
Integrity.

The role of proxies in HTTP/1.1.
Types of proxies.
Syntactic requirements on an HTTP/1.1 proxy.
Semantic requirements on an HTTP/1.1 proxy.

Other miscellaneous changes.
Method-related miscellaneous changes.
Header-related miscellaneous changes.
Response-code-related miscellaneous changes.

Summary.

8. HTTP/TCP Interaction.
TCP Timers.
Retransmission Timer.
Slow-Start Restart.
The TIME WAIT State.

HTTP/TCP Layering.
Aborted HTTP Transfers.
Nagle's Algorithm.
Delayed Acknowledgments.

Multiplexing TCP Connections.
Motivation for Parallel Connections.
Problems with Parallel Connections.

Server Overheads.
Combining System Calls.
Managing Multiple Connections.

Summary.

IV. MEASURING AND CHARACTERIZING WEB TRAFFIC.

9. Web Traffic Measurement.
Motivation for Web Measurement.
Motivation for Content Creators.
Motivation for Web Hosting Companies.
Motivation for Network Operators.
Motivation for Web/Networking Researchers.

Measurement Techniques.
Server Logging.
Proxy Logging.
Client Logging.
Packet Traces.
Active Measurement.

Proxy/Server Logs.
Common Log Format (CLF).
Extended Common Log Format (ECLF).

Preprocessing Measurement Data for Analysis.
Parsing Measurement Data.
Filtering Measurement Data.
Transforming Measurement Data.

Drawing Inferences From Measurement Data.
Limitations of HTTP Header Information.
Ambiguous Client/Server Identity.
Inferring User Actions.
Detecting Resource Modifications.

Case Studies.
Saskatchewan Server Log Study.
British Columbia Proxy Log Study.
Boston University Client Log Study.
AT&T Packet-Trace Study.

Summary.

10. Web Workload Characterization.
Workload Characterization.
Applications of Workload Models.
Selecting Workload Parameters.

Statistics and Probability Distributions.
Mean, Median, and Variance.
Probability Distributions.

HTTP Message Characteristics.
HTTP Request Methods.
HTTP Response Codes.

Web Resource Characteristics.
Content Types.
Resource Sizes.
Response Sizes.
Resource Popularity.
Resource Changes.
Temporal Locality.
Number of Embedded Resources.

User Behavior Characteristics.
Session and Request Arrivals.
Clicks per Session.
Request Interarrival Time.

Applying Workload Models.
Combining Workload Parameters.
Validating the Workload Model.
Generating Synthetic Traffic.

User Privacy.
Access to User-Level Data.
Information Available to Software Components.
Application of User-Level Data.

Summary.

V. WEB APPLICATIONS.

11. Web Caching.
The origins and goals of Web Caching.
Why cache?
What is cacheable?
Protocol-speci_c considerations.
Content-speci_c considerations.

Where is caching done?
How is caching done?
Deciding whether a message is cacheable.
Cache replacement and storing response in cache.
Returning a cached response.
Maintaining a cache.

Cache replacement.
Cache coherency.
Rate of change of resources.
Cache-related protocols.
Internet Cache Protocol (ICP).
Cache Array Resolution Protocol (CARP).
Cache Digest Protocol.
Web Cache Coordination Protocol (WCCP).

Cache software and hardware.
Cache software: The Squid cache.
Caching hardware.

Impediments to caching.
Cache busting.
Privacy issues in caching.

Caching versus replication.
Content distribution.
Content adaptation.
Summary.

12. Delivering Multimedia Streams.
Multimedia Streaming.
Audio and Video Data.
Multimedia Streaming Applications.
Properties of Multimedia Applications.

Delivering Multimedia Content.
Performance Requirements.
Limitations of IP Networks.
Multimedia-on-Demand Over HTTP.

Protocols for Multimedia Streaming.
Data Transport.
Session Establishment.
Session Description.
Presentation Description.

Real Time Streaming Protocol.
Similarities and Differences.
RTSP Request Methods.
RTSP Headers.
RTSP Status Codes.

Summary.

VI. Research Perspectives.

13. Research Perspectives in Caching.
Cache revalidation and invalidation.
Costs associated with revalidation.
Prevalidation.
The Piggybacking approach.
Server-driven invalidation.

End-to-end information exchange.
Server volumes.
Proxy filters.
Volumes and Filters: Practical details.
Volume Construction Algorithms.
Evaluation of volume construction algorithms.
End-to-end information exchange summary.

Prefetching.
DNS Prefetching.
Connection Prefetching.
HTTP Prefetching.
Trade-offs in Prefetching.

Summary.

14. Research Perspectives in Measurement.
Packet Monitoring of HTTP Traffic.
Tapping a Link.
Capturing Packets.
Demultiplexing Packets.
Reconstructing the Ordered Stream.
Extracting HTTP Messages.
Generating HTTP Traces.

Analyzing Web Server Logs.
Parsing and Filtering.
Transforming.

Publicly-Available Logs and Traces.
Measuring Multimedia Streams.
Static Analysis of Multimedia Resources.
Multimedia Server Logs.
Packet Monitoring of Multimedia Streams.
Multi-Layer Packet Monitoring.

Summary.

15. Research Perspectives in Protocol Issues.
Multiplexing HTTP Transfers.
WebMux: An experimental multiplexing Protocol.
TCP Control Block Interdependence.
Integrated Congestion Management.

Adding a Differencing Mechanism to HTTP/1.1.
Motivations for a differencing mechanism for HTTP messages.
Evaluation of delta algorithms.
Deployment issues of delta mechanism in HTTP/1.1.
Status of adding delta mechanism to HTTP/1.1.

HTTP/1.1 Protocol compliance.
Motivation for protocol compliance study.
Testing compliance of clients and proxies.
Methodology of testing compliance.
PROCOW: A large scale compliance study.
Summary of protocol compliance.

End-to-end measurements to study Web performance.
Identifying the factors in end-to-end performance.
Report on an end-to-end performance study.
Summary of end-to-end performance study.

Other extensions to HTTP.
Transparent Content Negotiation.
WebDAV|Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning.
An HTTP Extension Framework.

Summary.

Bibliography.
Index. 0201710889T04062001


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商品描述(中文翻譯)

《Web Protocols and Practice: HTTP/1.1, 網路協定, 快取和流量測量》是一本全面又權威的參考書,介紹了支撐全球資訊網的核心技術。本書深入探討了負責在網路上傳輸內容的系統和協定。超文本傳輸協定(HTTP)負責了當今網際網路近四分之三的流量。本書詳細介紹了HTTP/1.1及其與其他網路協定的互動,是學生們不可或缺的資源。本書從網頁軟體元件的概述開始,然後描述了構成網頁內容傳遞的語義核心的一系列協定。書的後半部分探討了網頁測量和工作負載特性,並提供了關於網頁快取和多媒體串流的最新報告。書的最後一部分討論了研究觀點,以突出可能影響網頁未來發展的主題。

適合的課程:
- 第一部分:入門
- 第二部分:網頁軟體元件
- 第三部分:網頁代理
- 第四部分:網頁測量和工作負載特性
- 第五部分:研究觀點

目錄:
第一部分:入門
1. 簡介
2. 網頁客戶端

第二部分:網頁軟體元件
3. 網頁代理

第三部分:網頁測量和工作負載特性

第四部分:研究觀點

以上是對《Web Protocols and Practice: HTTP/1.1, 網路協定, 快取和流量測量》的翻譯。