Georeferencing: The Geographic Associations of Information

Description

Georeferencing--relating information to geographic location--has been incorporated into today's information systems in various ways. We use online services to map our route from one place to another; science, business, and government increasingly use geographic information systems (GIS) to hold and analyze data. Most georeferenced information searches using today's information systems are done by text query. But text searches for placenames fall short--when, for example, a place is known by several names (or by none). In addition, text searches don't cover all sources of geographic data; maps are traditionally accessed only through special indexes, filing systems, and agency contacts; data from remote sensing images or aerial photography is indexed by geospatial location (mathematical coordinates such as longitude and latitude). In this book, Linda Hill describes the advantages of integrating placename-based and geospatial referencing, introducing an approach to "unified georeferencing" that uses placename and geospatial referencing interchangeably across all types of information storage and retrieval systems.

After a brief overview of relevant material from cognitive psychology on how humans perceive and respond to geographic space, Hill introduces the reader to basic information about geospatial information objects, concepts of geospatial referencing, the role of gazetteer data, the ways in which geospatial referencing has been included in metadata structures, and methods for the implementation of geographic information retrieval (GIR). Georeferencing will be a valuable reference for librarians, archivists, scientific data managers, information managers, designers of online services, and any information professional who deals with place-based information.

Linda L. Hill is Specialist, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara (retired). 
 

Table of Contents

Preface iii
 
 Acknowledgments ix
 
1. Laying the Groundwork 1
 
2. Spatial Cognition and Information Systems 21
 
3. Georeferenced Information Object Types and Their Characteristics 35
 
4. Representation of Geospatial Location and Coverage 63
 
5. Gazetteers and Gazetteer Services 91
 
6. Georeferencing Elements in Metadata Standards 155
 
7. Geographic Information Retrieval 185
 
8. Future of Georeferencing 215
 
 Glossary 227
 
 References 237
 
 Introduction to Index to Geographic Examples 247
 
 Index to Geographic Examples 249
 
 Index 253 

描述

地理參考（Georeferencing）-將信息與地理位置相關聯-已以各種方式納入當今的信息系統中。我們使用在線服務來規劃從一個地方到另一個地方的路線；科學、商業和政府越來越多地使用地理信息系統（GIS）來保存和分析數據。當今信息系統中的大多數地理參考信息搜索都是通過文本查詢完成的。但是，對於地名的文本搜索存在不足之處-例如，當一個地方有多個名稱（或沒有名稱）時。此外，文本搜索並不能涵蓋所有地理數據的來源；傳統上，地圖只能通過特殊索引、文件系統和機構聯繫來訪問；遙感圖像或航空攝影的數據是通過地理空間位置（如經度和緯度等數學坐標）進行索引的。在這本書中，Linda Hill描述了整合基於地名和地理空間參考的優勢，介紹了一種在所有類型的信息存儲和檢索系統中可互換使用地名和地理空間參考的“統一地理參考”方法。

在簡要概述有關認知心理學中人類如何感知和回應地理空間的相關材料之後，Hill向讀者介紹了有關地理空間信息對象的基本信息、地理空間參考的概念、地名字典數據的作用、地理空間參考如何納入元數據結構以及地理信息檢索（GIR）的實施方法。《地理參考》將對圖書館員、檔案管理員、科學數據管理員、信息管理員、在線服務設計師以及任何處理基於地點信息的信息專業人員都具有價值。

Linda L. Hill是加利福尼亞大學聖塔芭芭拉分校地理系（已退休）的專家。

目錄

前言 iii
致謝 ix
1. 打下基礎 1
2. 空間認知和信息系統 21
3. 地理參考信息對象類型及其特徵 35
4. 地理空間位置和覆蓋的表示 63
5. 地名字典和地名字典服務 91
6. 元數據標準中的地理參考元素 155
7. 地理信息檢索 185
8. 地理參考的未來 215
詞彙表 227
參考文獻 237
地理示例索引簡介 247
地理示例索引 249
索引 253