Use Cases: Requirements in Context, 2/e (Paperback)

Daryl Kulak, Eamonn Guiney

  • 出版商: Addison Wesley
  • 出版日期: 2003-07-25
  • 售價: $1,820
  • 貴賓價: 9.5$1,729
  • 語言: 英文
  • 頁數: 272
  • 裝訂: Paperback
  • ISBN: 0321154983
  • ISBN-13: 9780321154989
  • 相關分類: Agile Software軟體工程
  • 立即出貨 (庫存=1)

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商品描述

 

Summary

This book describes how to gather and define software requirements using a process based on use cases. It shows systems analysts and designers how use cases can provide solutions to the most challenging requirements issues, resulting in effective, quality systems that meet the needs of users.

Use Cases, Second Edition: Requirements in Context describes a three-step method for establishing requirements--an iterative process that produces increasingly refined requirements. Drawing on their extensive, real- world experience, the authors offer a wealth of advice on use-case driven lifecycles, planning for change, and keeping on track. In addition, they include numerous detailed examples to illustrate practical applications.

This second edition incorporates the many advancements in use case methodology that have occurred over the past few years. Specifically, this new edition features major changes to the methodology's iterations, and the section on management reflects the faster-paced, more "chaordic" software lifecycles prominent today. In addition, the authors have included a new chapter on use case traceability issues and have revised the appendixes to show more clearly how use cases evolve.

The book opens with a brief introduction to use cases and the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It explains how use cases reduce the incidence of duplicate and inconsistent requirements, and how they facilitate the documentation process and communication among stakeholders.

The book shows you how to:

  • Describe the context of relationships and interactions between actors and applications using use case diagrams and scenarios
  • Specify functional and nonfunctional requirements
  • Create the candidate use case list
  • Break out detailed use cases and add detail to use case diagrams
  • Add triggers, preconditions, basic course of events, and exceptions to use cases
  • Manage the iterative/incremental use case driven project lifecycle
  • Trace back to use cases, nonfunctionals, and business rules
  • Avoid classic mistakes and pitfalls

The book also highlights numerous currently available tools, including use case name filters, the context matrix, user interface requirements, and the authors' own "hierarchy killer."  

Table of Contents

Preface.

Preface to the First Edition.

1. The Trouble with Requirements.

First and Least of All.

What Is a Requirement?

Functional Requirements.

Nonfunctional Requirements.

Requirements Gathering, Definition, and Specification.

The Challenges of Requirements Gathering.

Finding Out What the Users Need.

Documenting Users' Needs.

Avoiding Premature Design Assumptions.

Resolving Conflicting Requirements.

Eliminating Redundant Requirements.

Reducing Overwhelming Volume.

Ensuring Requirements Traceability.

Issues with the Standard Approaches.

User Interviews.

Joint Requirements Planning Sessions.

Contract-Style Requirements Lists.

Prototypes.

Those Troublesome Requirements.



2. Moving to Use Cases.

It's All About Interactions.

The Unified Modeling Language.

Nine Diagrams.

Extending the UML with Stereotyping.

Introducing Use Cases, Use Case Diagrams, and Scenarios.

The Goals of Use Cases.

How Use Case Diagrams Show Relationships.

The Use Case Template.

Paths and Scenarios.

Use Cases Apply Here.

Use Cases for Inquiry-Only Systems.

Use Cases for Requests for Proposals.

Use Cases for Software Package Evaluation.

Use Cases for Non-Object-Oriented Systems.

Applying Use Cases to the Requirements Problem.



3. A Use-Case-Driven Approach to Requirements Gathering.

Requirements Specification Tools.

Principles for Requirements Success.

Three Steps for Gathering Requirements.

The Role of the Mission, Vision, Values.

The Role of the Statement of Work.

The Role of the Risk Analysis.

The Role of the Prototype.

The Roles of Use Cases.

Use Cases Are Effective Communication Vehicles.

Use Cases Can Be Used for Functional and Nonfunctional Requirements.

Use Cases Help Ensure Requirements Traceability.

Use Cases Discourage Premature Design.

The Role of the Business Rules Catalog.

Managing Success.



4. The Facade Iteration.

Objectives.

Users.

Project Team.

Industry Experts.

IT Management Group.

User Management Personnel.

Owners of the Data.

Steps in the Facade Iteration.

Create the Mission, Vision, Values.

Identify and Review Existing Documentation and Intellectual Capital.

Get the Executive Sponsor's Unique Viewpoint.

Review the Business Process Definitions.

Identify the Users, Customers, and Related Groups.

Interview the Stakeholders.

Create a Stakeholders List.

Find the Actors.

Create the Use Case Survey (A List of Facade Use Cases).

Collect and Document Nonfunctional Requirements.

Start the Business Rules Catalog.

Create a Risk Analysis.

Create a Statement of Work.

Begin Experimenting with User Interface Metaphors.

Begin User Interface Storyboards.

Get Informal Approval from the Executive Sponsor.

Tools.

The Use Case Diagram.

The Hierarchy Killer.

Use Case Name Filters.

Actor Filter.

Verb Filter.

Noun Filters.

Packages as Placeholders for Functionality.

Facade Filter.

Peer Review.

User Review.

Deliverables.

Roles.

Context.

Summary.



5. The Filled Iteration.

Objectives.

Steps.

Break Out Detailed Use Cases.

Create Filled Use Cases.

Add Business Rules.

Test the Filled Use Cases.

Put Some Things Off.

Tools.

The Stakeholder Interview.

IPA Filter.

White Space Analysis Filter.

Abstraction Filter.

Testing Use Cases with Scenarios.

Review.

Additional Use Cases.

Deliverables.

Roles.

Context.

Summary.



6. Focused Iteration.

Objectives.

What Are Focused Use Cases?

Steps.

Merge Duplicate Processes.

Bring Focus to Each Use Case.

Manage Scope Changes During This Iteration.

Manage Risks and Assumptions.

Review.

Tools.

Surplus Functionality Filter.

Narrow the Focus of the System.

Identify Surplus Functionality Inside the Use Case.

Vocabulary Filter.

Deliverables.

Roles.

Context.

Summary.



7. Managing Requirements and People.

Introduction.

Waterfall Lifecycle Management.

Nell and the Coffee Shop.

Disadvantages of Waterfall.

Alternatives to Waterfall.

Rapid Application Development (RAD).

Spiral.

Staged Delivery.

Holistic Iterative/Incremental (HI/I).

Introducing the Holistic Iterative/Incremental Use-Case-Driven Project Lifecycle.

The Meaning of Iterative.

The Meaning of Incremental.

The Meaning of Holistic.

The Meaning of Adaptivity.

Complex Adaptive Systems.

Process.

Principles of the Holistic Iterative/Incremental Software Lifecycle.

Manage Requirements Not Tasks.

The Important Goals Are the Business Goals--Dates and Budgets.

Think Like a Businessperson--What Have You Done for Me Lately?

Divide and Conquer.

Cut the Job into Programs and Projects.

Tie Everything Back to the Business.

Create Demonstrable Deliverables.

Learn the Art of "Good Enough" Quality.

The Pieces Will Be Smaller Than You Think.

Expect Negotiation, Not Specification.

Forget about Baselines and Sign-offs.

Estimate by Doing.

Calculate Return-on-Investment in a New Way Using Portfolios.



8. Requirements Traceability.

Tracing Back to Use Cases.

Analysis Model Traceability.

Design Model Traceability.

CRC Card Session Traceability.

Test Model Traceability.

User Interface Design Traceability.

Application Architecture Traceability.

Project Management Traceability.

Documentation and Training Traceability.

Product Marketing Traceability.

Security Traceability.

Release Planning.

Tracing Back to Nonfunctionals.

Tracing Back to Business Rules.

Structural Facts.

Action-Restricting and Action-Triggering Rules.

Calculations and Inferences.



9. Classic Mistakes.

Mistakes, Pitfalls, and Bruised Knees.

Classic Mistakes: Make Them and Move On.



10. The Case for Use Cases.

Why Did Use Cases Win?

Use Cases Are Sensible to Businesspeople.

Use Cases Are Traceable.

Use Cases Are an Excellent Scoping Tool.

Use Cases Don't Use a Special Language.

Use Cases Allow Us to Tell Stories.

The Alternatives Are Awful.

Use Cases Beyond Software.

Service Use Cases.

Business Use Cases.

Summary.



Appendix A. Real Estate Management System.

Overview.

The Use Cases.

The Actors.

Technical Requirements and Business Rules.

Scope Decisions.

List of Use Cases.

Refining the Requirements.

Investment Returns Calculation.

Tightening Requirements.



Appendix B. Integrated Systems.

Overview.

Background.

Problem Description.

Solution Analysis.



Appendix C. Instant Messaging Encryption.

Overview.

The Use Cases.



Appendix D. Order a Product from a Catalog.


Bibliography.


Index.

商品描述(中文翻譯)

摘要

本書描述了如何使用基於用例的過程來收集和定義軟件需求。它向系統分析師和設計師展示了如何使用用例來解決最具挑戰性的需求問題,從而實現滿足用戶需求的有效、高質量的系統。

《用例,第二版:需求背景下的用例》描述了一種建立需求的三步方法,這是一個迭代的過程,可以產生越來越精細的需求。作者們根據自己豐富的實際經驗,提供了大量關於用例驅動生命周期、變更計劃和保持正軌的建議。此外,他們還提供了許多詳細的示例來說明實際應用。

這本第二版書籍融入了過去幾年中用例方法的許多進展。具體而言,這個新版本對方法的迭代進行了重大改變,管理部分反映了當今軟件生命周期更快節奏、更“混亂”的特點。此外,作者還增加了一章關於用例追踪問題,並修訂了附錄,以更清楚地顯示用例的演變過程。

本書以簡短介紹用例和統一建模語言(UML)開始。它解釋了用例如何減少重複和不一致的需求,以及如何促進文檔化過程和利益相關者之間的溝通。

本書向讀者展示了如何:
- 使用用例圖和場景描述角色和應用程序之間的關係和交互
- 指定功能和非功能需求
- 創建候選用例清單
- 拆分詳細用例並向用例圖添加細節
- 向用例添加觸發器、前提條件、基本事件流程和異常情況
- 管理迭代/增量的用例驅動項目生命周期
- 追溯到用例、非功能需求和業務規則
- 避免常見的錯誤和陷阱

本書還介紹了許多當前可用的工具,包括用例名稱過濾器、上下文矩陣、用戶界面需求和作者自己的“層次殺手”。

目錄

前言
第一版前言
1. 需求的問題
- 首先和最重要的
- 什麼是需求?
- 功能需求
- 非功能需求
- 需求收集、定義和規範
- 需求收集的挑戰
- 瞭解用戶需求
- 文檔化用戶需求
- 避免過早的設計假設
- 解決衝突的需求
- 消除冗余的需求
- 減少龐大的需求量
- 確保需求的可追溯性