Perspective of DNA Computing in Computer Science: Volume 129

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid computing is an emerging branch of computing that uses DNA sequence, biochemistry, and hardware for encoding genetic information in computers. Here, information is represented by using the four genetic alphabets or DNA bases, namely A (Adenine), G (Guanine), C (Cytosine), and T (Thymine), instead of the binary representation (1 and 0) used by traditional computers. This is achieved because short DNA molecules of any arbitrary sequence of A, G, C, and T can be synthesized to order. DNA computing is mainly popular for three reasons: (i) speed (ii) minimal storage requirements, and (iii) minimal power requirements.

There are many applications of DNA computing in the field of computer science. Nowadays, DNA computing is widely used in cryptography for achieving a strong security technique, so that unauthorized users are unable to retrieve the original data content. In DNA-based encryption, data are encrypted by using DNA bases (A, T, G, and C) instead of 0 and 1. As four DNA bases are used in the encryption process, DNA computing supports more randomness and makes it more complex for attackers or malicious users to hack the data. DNA computing is also used for data storage because a large number of data items can be stored inside the condensed volume. One gram of DNA holds approx DNA bases or approx 700 TB. However, it takes approx 233 hard disks to store the same data on 3 TB hard disks, and the weight of all these hard disks can be approx 151 kilos. In a cloud environment, the Data Owner (DO) stores their confidential encrypted data outside of their own domain, which attracts many attackers and hackers. DNA computing can be one of the best solutions to protect the data of a cloud server. Here, the DO can use DNA bases to encrypt the data by generating a long DNA sequence. Another application of DNA computing is in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Many researchers are trying to improve the security of WSN by using DNA computing. Here, DNA cryptography is used along with Secure Socket Layer (SSL) that supports a secure medium to exchange information. However, recent research shows some limitations of DNA computing. One of the critical issues is that DNA cryptography does not have a strong mathematical background like other cryptographic systems.

This edited book is being planned to bring forth all the information of DNA computing. Along with the research gaps in the currently available books/literature, this edited book presents many applications of DNA computing in the fields of computer science. Moreover, research challenges and future work directions in DNA computing are also provided in this edited book.

DNA或脫氧核醣核酸計算是一個新興的計算分支，它使用DNA序列、生物化學和硬體來將基因信息編碼到計算機中。在這裡，信息是通過使用四個基因字母或DNA鹼基來表示的，分別是A（腺嘌呤）、G（鳥嘌呤）、C（胞嘧啶）和T（胸腺嘧啶），而不是傳統計算機使用的二進制表示（1和0）。這是因為可以合成任意序列的A、G、C和T的短DNA分子。DNA計算主要因以下三個原因而受到歡迎：（i）速度（ii）最小的存儲需求，以及（iii）最小的功耗需求。

在計算機科學領域中，DNA計算有許多應用。如今，DNA計算廣泛應用於密碼學，以實現強大的安全技術，使未經授權的用戶無法檢索原始數據內容。在基於DNA的加密中，使用DNA鹼基（A、T、G和C）而不是0和1來加密數據。由於加密過程中使用了四個DNA鹼基，DNA計算支持更多的隨機性，使攻擊者或惡意用戶更難破解數據。DNA計算還用於數據存儲，因為大量的數據項可以存儲在緊湊的體積內。一克DNA約可容納DNA鹼基或約700 TB的數據。然而，要在3 TB硬盤上存儲相同的數據，需要約233個硬盤，而所有這些硬盤的重量約為151公斤。在雲環境中，數據所有者（DO）將其機密加密數據存儲在自己的域之外，這吸引了許多攻擊者和黑客。DNA計算可以是保護雲服務器數據的最佳解決方案之一。在這裡，DO可以使用DNA鹼基通過生成一個長的DNA序列來加密數據。DNA計算在無線傳感器網絡（WSN）中也有應用。許多研究人員正在嘗試使用DNA計算來提高WSN的安全性。在這裡，DNA密碼學與支持安全信息交換的安全套接字層（SSL）一起使用，提供了一個安全的傳輸媒介。然而，最近的研究顯示了DNA計算的一些限制。其中一個關鍵問題是DNA密碼學沒有像其他密碼系統那樣強大的數學基礎。

這本編輯書籍的目的是彙集DNA計算的所有信息。除了目前可用的書籍/文獻中的研究空白，這本編輯書籍還介紹了DNA計算在計算機科學領域的許多應用。此外，這本編輯書籍還提供了DNA計算中的研究挑戰和未來工作方向。