Linear Electric Machines, Drives, and Maglevs Handbook

Linear motion is richly present in various industries, from direct electric propulsion in urban and interurban people movers on wheels or on magnetic "cushions" (MAGLEVs) to indoor transport of goods (conveyors, etc.), through plunger solenoids (to open hotel doors and as electromagnetic power switches), to compressor drives by linear oscillatory permanent magnet (PM) motors, smart phones integrated microphone and loudspeakers, and controlled vehicles' suspension, etc. Besides the traditional rotary motor drives with mechanical transmissions, which mean friction limitations (weather dependent) in traction (heavy vehicles), more losses, positioning errors (backlash) in the process, and higher maintenance costs to handle them, linear motion in industry by direct electromagnetic forces is free of friction limitations for traction, free of mechanical transmission, and thus more efficient, with less maintenance cost and fewer positioning errors (backlash). This explains why they are used in so many applications already since the dramatic advancement of power electronics and digital control in the last four decades.

Modeling, performance, design, control, and testing of linear electric machines (LEMs) show notable differences with respect to rotary electric motor drives, which warrant a dedicated treatment of these aspects.

The Second Edition (First Edition: 2013) concentrates on the above technical aspects of various types of LEMs in close relationship with specific applications via numerical examples of modeling, design, control, and testing, with ample representative results from literature, industry and some of the author's contributions, such as:

• Technical field and circuit modeling of linear induction motors in flat configurations for low and high speeds (with and without dynamic end effects) and in tubular configurations short travel design, control and testing

• Linear synchronous motor (LSM) drives in dc-excited, homopolar, reluctance and superconducting excitation configurations for urban and interurban high-speed vehicles propulsion and integrated propulsion and levitation (in MAGLEVs) modeling, design and control with full-scale numerical examples, with emphasis on lower KWh/passenger/Km at high speeds

• Flat and tubular linear permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors (L-PMSMs), mainly destined to industrial indoor transport for automation at high efficiency in clean rooms

• Linear "flux-modulation" motors-- new breed, suitable for very low-speed applications due to higher thrust density

• Plunger solenoids in various applications including new valve PM actuators with millisecond response time

• Linear resonant PM oscillatory motors design, control and testing mainly destined to compressors for higher efficiency in compact drives

• Attraction and repulsive force suspension (levitation) systems for MAGLEVs

• Active and passive guideway MAGLEVs in urban and superhigh-speed interurban transport at lower Kwh per passenger/km (in lighter vehicles without wheels)

The numerous numerical design and control examples (with practical specifications) throughout the 23 chapters of the book allow the reader deep and fast access to a practical but thorough unitary (good for comparisons) methodology in designing and controlling LEMs for various applications.

線性運動在各個行業中都有廣泛應用，從城市和城際人員運輸中的直接電動推進（輪式或磁性“緩衝”（MAGLEVs））到室內貨物運輸（輸送帶等），再到柱塞電磁鐵（用於開啟飯店門和作為電磁開關）、通過線性振動永磁（PM）馬達驅動的壓縮機、智能手機集成的麥克風和揚聲器，以及受控車輛的懸掛系統等等。除了傳統的帶有機械傳動的旋轉馬達驅動，這意味著牽引力受到摩擦限制（受天氣影響）在牽引（重型車輛）中，更多的損失，在過程中定位誤差（間隙）以及更高的維護成本來處理它們，工業中的直接電磁力驅動的線性運動不受牽引力的摩擦限制，不需要機械傳動，因此更高效，維護成本更低，定位誤差（間隙）更少。這解釋了為什麼自從過去四十年來電力電子學和數字控制的巨大進步以來，它們已經在如此多的應用中被使用。

線性電機（LEMs）的建模、性能、設計、控制和測試與旋轉電動馬達驅動有顯著的差異，這需要對這些方面進行專門的處理。

第二版（第一版：2013年）專注於各種類型的LEMs的上述技術方面，與具體應用之間的密切關係，通過建模、設計、控制和測試的數值示例，並提供來自文獻、工業和作者的代表性結果，例如：

- 用於低速和高速平面配置的線性感應馬達的技術領域和電路建模（帶有和不帶有動態末端效應）以及用於短行程設計的管狀配置的控制和測試。
- 直流激勵、同極、磁阻和超導激勵配置的線性同步馬達（LSM）驅動，用於城市和城際高速車輛推進和集成推進和懸浮（在MAGLEVs中），建模、設計和控制，並提供全尺寸的數值示例，重點是高速時每公里每乘客的千瓦時消耗更低。
- 平面和管狀的線性永磁同步馬達（L-PMSMs），主要用於高效率的工業室內運輸和無塵室自動化。
- 線性“磁通調制”馬達-新型馬達，適用於極低速應用，由於更高的推力密度。
- 各種應用中的柱塞電磁鐵，包括毫秒級響應時間的新型閥門PM致動器。
- 線性共振PM振動馬達的設計、控制和測試，主要用於壓縮機，以實現更高效的緊湊驅動。
- MAGLEVs的吸引力和斥力懸掛（懸浮）系統。
- 城市和超高速城際運輸中的主動和被動軌道MAGLEVs，每乘客每公里的千瓦時消耗更低（在較輕的無輪車輛中）。

書中的23章中有眾多的數值設計和控制示例（附有實際規格），讓讀者深入快速地了解設計和控制LEMs的實用但全面的統一方法，以應用於各種應用。

Prof. Ion Boldea studied and published extensively on "rotary and liners electric machines, drives and MAGLEVs design, control and testing for energy saving and increased productivity in various industries: from renewable energy, through e-transport, robotics, industrial drives, home appliances and info-gadjets since 1976( ISI H-index 41(4173 citations), Scopus H-index 49(8202 citations), Google Academic H-index 61(6246 citations); he wrote more than 20 Monographs and textbooks in USA and U.K on the wide spectrum subjects above ( 6000 citations in World.cat), held IEEE DLs since 2008, intensive Courses in USA, EU, S. Korea, Brasil, China, tutorials at IEEE Conferences, Technical Consulting annual contracts, hosted IEEE Trans. special issues and spent more than 5 years in many visits since 1973 as visiting scholar in USA.He supervised successfully 24 Ph. D. students.

Main expertise: in design and advanced encoder and encoderless control of ac electric motor/generators for applications: in home appliances, intelligent buildings, robotics, industrial processes, variable speed generators -standard and new- in power systems penetrated by renewable energy and in electric transport(cars, trucks, buses trolley buses, underground METRO, regional and high speed trains, MAGLEVs ); from critical analysis of existing solutions with improvement proposals to potentially- patentable solutions conception, design and control, with lab prototyping and testing having as support:250+m*m labs and 11 people group(a Research Center for electric energy conversion, processing and storage with advanced digital control for various industries )at University Politehnica Timisoara, Romania (www.upt.ro")

He received "IEEE 2015 Nikola Tesla Award" and "2021 EPE-ECCE Outstanding Achievement Award".

He also cochaired IEEE tech sponsored biannual International Conference OPTIM(now OPTIM-ACEMP) since 1994 and is the founding (since the year 2000)and current Editor in Chief of www.jee.ro, one of the first Internet-only technical Journals. His interests span from Philosophy, Ethics to Gardening mountain hiking and tennis.

Prof. Ion Boldea教授自1976年以來在各個行業中廣泛研究和發表了關於旋轉和線性電機、驅動器和磁懸浮設計、控制和測試方面的文章，以節能和提高生產力。這些行業包括可再生能源、電動交通、機器人技術、工業驅動器、家用電器和信息設備。他在美國和英國出版了20多本關於上述廣泛範疇的專著和教科書（在World.cat上有6000多次引用），自2008年以來一直擔任IEEE數字圖書館的編輯，並在美國、歐盟、韓國、巴西和中國進行了密集的課程，以及在IEEE會議上進行了教學。他還擔任技術咨詢年度合同，主持IEEE Trans.特刊，並自1973年以來多次作為訪問學者在美國進行了超過5年的訪問。他成功指導了24名博士生。

他的主要專長領域是設計和先進的編碼器和無編碼器控制交流電動機/發電機，應用於家用電器、智能建築、機器人技術、工業過程、可變速發電機（標準和新型）在受可再生能源影響的電力系統中，以及電動交通（汽車、卡車、巴士、有軌電車、地鐵、區域和高速列車、磁懸浮列車）。他從對現有解決方案的批判性分析和改進提案，到潛在可申請專利的解決方案的構思、設計和控制，並通過實驗室原型和測試進行支持。他在羅馬尼亞蒂米什瓦拉理工大學擁有250+平方米的實驗室和11人的團隊（一個研究中心，專門從事電能轉換、處理和儲存的先進數字控制技術，為各個行業提供支持）。

他曾獲得“IEEE 2015年尼古拉·特斯拉獎”和“2021年EPE-ECCE傑出成就獎”。

他還是IEEE技術贊助的OPTIM國際會議（現在是OPTIM-ACEMP）的聯合主席，自1994年以來，並且是www.jee.ro的創始人（自2000年起）和現任主編，這是最早的僅在互聯網上發表的技術期刊之一。他的興趣涵蓋哲學、倫理學、登山和網球。