Empowered or Left Behind: Use of Technology During Covid-19

Focused on the United States, this book summarizes the secondary impacts of COVID-19 due to the increased use of technology. Establishing the global response of social distancing, mandates for non-essential business, and working from home, the book centers on the disparate guidance provided domestically at the state and local levels. Marginalized populations are highlighted to identify areas where technology facilitated access and reach or contributed to difficulties catapulted by digital literacy or digital access issues. To explain how people may have been empowered or left behind due to a new and unique reliance on technology, this book is structured based on the social determinants of health domains. Specifically, this book explains how technology was an umbrella domain that impacted every aspect of life during the pandemic including access, use, adoption, digital literacy, and digital equity, as well as privacy and security concerns. Given this book's focus on the impacts to marginalized populations, there is a thread throughout the book related to the use of technology to perpetuate hate, discrimination, racism, and xenophobic behaviors that emerged as a twin pandemic during COVID-19. Part I explains the defining differences between primary and secondary impacts, as well as the unique guidelines adopted in each state. Part II of the book is focused on specific domains, where each chapter is dedicated to topics including economic stability through employment, education, healthcare, and the social/community context through access to services. Part III focuses on unique technological considerations related to COVID-19, such as mobile health-related apps and privacy or security issues that may have posed barriers to the adoption and use of technology. Finally, the book ends with a conclusion chapter, which explicitly explains the advantages and disadvantages of technology adoption during COVID-19. These exposed benefits and challenges will have implications for policies, disaster management practices, and interdisciplinary research.

本書以美國為焦點，總結了COVID-19疫情對科技使用增加所帶來的次級影響。書中討論了全球對社交距離、非必要業務的限制和居家工作的回應，並著重於國內各州和地方層面提供的不一致指導。書中特別強調了被邊緣化的人群，以確定科技在數位素養或數位接觸問題所引發的困難中，如何促進了訪問和覆蓋範圍，或者導致了困難。為了解釋人們在對科技的新型依賴中可能被賦予權力或被拋棄的情況，本書根據社會健康決定因素的領域結構進行了安排。具體而言，本書解釋了科技是一個影響疫情期間生活的各個方面的綜合領域，包括訪問、使用、採用、數位素養和數位公平，以及隱私和安全問題。鑑於本書關注的是邊緣化人群的影響，全書貫穿了一條關於科技使用來延續仇恨、歧視、種族主義和仇外行為的線索，這些行為在COVID-19期間成為了一個雙重疫情。第一部分解釋了主要和次級影響之間的定義差異，以及各州採取的獨特指南。本書的第二部分專注於特定領域，每一章都專門討論經濟穩定、教育、醫療保健和社會/社區環境通過服務訪問等主題。第三部分則聚焦於與COVID-19相關的獨特技術考慮因素，例如移動健康相關應用程式以及可能對科技採用和使用構成障礙的隱私或安全問題。最後，本書以結論章結束，明確解釋了COVID-19期間科技採用的優點和缺點。這些暴露出的利益和挑戰將對政策、災害管理實踐和跨學科研究產生影響。

Dr. Bennett Gayle is an Associate Professor and Director of the Extreme Events, Social Equity, and Technology (E2SET) Lab in the College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security, and Cybersecurity at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Her interdisciplinary research focuses on the individual and household disaster impacts for vulnerable populations and how technologies may be leveraged to increase resilience. She has secured research grants and contracts, including from the National Science Foundation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Department of Homeland Security. With over fifty publications, work is published in various journals, and she has presented at several conferences related to disasters, disability, diversity, wireless technology, and future studies. She is co-editor of an edited book volume on information behavior. Dr. Bennett Gayle received her Ph.D. from Oklahoma State University in Fire and Emergency Management. She has a unique academic background having received both her M.S. in Public Policy and B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Dr. Yuan is an Associate Professor and the Director of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Lab in the College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security, and Cybersecurity at the University at Albany, State University of New York. Her research interests include both Human Computer Interaction and Information Retrieval, with the focus on user interface design and evaluation and human information behavior. Dr. Yuan has secured research grants and contracts from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, Department of Education in New York State and University at Albany. She published extensively in journals in information retrieval and human computer interaction, and conferences in computer science and information science, and is co-editor of the edited book volume Social Vulnerability to COVID-19: Impacts of Technology Adoption and Information Behavior in publication with Springer Nature Publishing. She serves an Editorial Board member of Aslib Journal of Information Management (AJIM) and Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), and a Board member of the International Chinese Association of Human Computer Interaction. Dr. Yuan received her Ph.D. from Rutgers University at School of Communication and Information, Ph.D. from Chinese Academy of Sciences in Institute of Computing Technology. She received her M.S. in Statistics from Rutgers University and M.E. and B.E. in Computer Application from Xi'an University of Science & Technology in China.

Dr. Bennett Gayle是紐約州立大學奧爾巴尼分校緊急準備、國土安全和網絡安全學院的副教授，也是極端事件、社會公平和技術（E2SET）實驗室的主任。她的跨學科研究專注於弱勢人口的個人和家庭災害影響，以及如何利用技術提高韌性。她獲得了國家科學基金會、聯邦緊急管理局和國土安全部等機構的研究資助和合同。她發表了五十多篇論文，作品發表在各種期刊上，並在與災害、殘疾、多樣性、無線技術和未來研究相關的幾個會議上進行了演講。她是一本關於信息行為的編輯書籍的合編者。Bennett Gayle博士在奧克拉荷馬州立大學獲得了火災和緊急管理的博士學位。她擁有獨特的學術背景，曾在喬治亞理工學院獲得公共政策碩士學位和電氣工程學士學位。

Dr. Yuan是紐約州立大學奧爾巴尼分校緊急準備、國土安全和網絡安全學院的副教授，也是人機交互（HCI）實驗室的主任。她的研究興趣包括人機交互和信息檢索，專注於用戶界面設計和評估以及人類信息行為。Yuan博士獲得了美國博物館和圖書館服務學會、紐約州教育部和奧爾巴尼分校的研究資助和合同。她在信息檢索和人機交互的期刊以及計算機科學和信息科學的會議上發表了大量論文，並且是Springer Nature Publishing出版的編輯書籍《社會對COVID-19的脆弱性：技術採用和信息行為的影響》的合編者。她是Aslib信息管理期刊（AJIM）和年度信息科學和技術評論（ARIST）的編輯委員會成員，也是國際華人人機交互協會的董事會成員。Yuan博士在新澤西州立大學傳播與信息學院和中國科學院計算技術研究所獲得了博士學位。她在新澤西州立大學獲得了統計學碩士學位，並在中國西安科技大學獲得了計算機應用碩士學位和學士學位。