Waste Valorisation to Nanomaterials: Classification, Synthesis Methods, and Applications
暫譯: 廢棄物升值為奈米材料：分類、合成方法與應用

近年來，重點已轉向使用綠色合成方法開發納米材料，而「廢物處理廢物」的概念促進了廢棄物材料轉化為納米材料及相關產品的價值化。本書反映了利用綠色合成方法從廢棄物材料合成納米材料的現狀。探討了涉及廢棄物衍生納米材料的合成、特徵化和應用的基本方面。

特色：
- 涵蓋從經濟和環境可行來源合成納米材料的機制
- 解釋廢棄物價值化的過程
- 討論相關過程對循環經濟的影響
- 回顧廢棄物衍生納米材料作為商業和昂貴固相萃取柱的替代吸附劑的使用
- 探索用於開發功能性納米材料的廉價且易獲得的前驅物

本書旨在針對環境與化學工程、廢物管理、修復及環境化學的研究人員和研究生。

Anele Mpupa obtained his Bachelor of Science (Chemistry and Microbiology) and BSc (Hons) in Chemistry from Rhodes University. Later, he completed his MSc and PhD in Chemistry from the University of Johannesburg. He has received funding from the National Research Foundation (NRF) from 2017 - 2020 for his MSc and PhD respectively, he was also a recipient of the highly competitive Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) German academic exchange service for a 4-month short stay research grant in Ulm University. He then served a post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Johannesburg under the Department of Science, Technology and Innovation-National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative (DSTI-NRF SARChI) in Nanotechnology for Water. His research is centred around water research, which includes water quality monitoring and the analysis of chemical and biological pollutants in water. Furthermore, Dr Mpupa focuses on the development of methodologies based on chromatography and spectroscopic detection of water pollutants. Additionally, Dr Mpupa's research also adds an element of material science by preparing different materials for use as sorbents, these include metal oxides, nanomaterial composites and functional materials such as molecularly imprinted polymers for the extraction and removal of pollutants. Therefore, the research focus on the development of adsorbent materials for the determination of emerging pollutants in water matrices. Furthermore, some of the developed materials are tested for their potential for the mitigation of pollutants in water, with special attention being paid to efforts on using recyclable feedstocks.

Shirley Kholofelo Selahle is an emerging researcher who graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry from the University of Johannesburg. After obtaining her PhD degree, she started her post-doctoral research fellowship at the University of Johannesburg. She joined the University of Venda later in 2023 as a lecturer in Analytical Chemistry. Dr Selahle's arrival at the University of Venda saw her establish an Analytical Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory/Group that is growing yearly. This group is currently composed of 4 Msc students, 1 PhD student and 3 honors students under her supervision. This research group focuses on the development of sample preparation methods for the analysis and removal of emerging pollutants in water matrices using nanomaterials. Emerging pollutants are chemical substances that fall out of standard monitoring and regulatory programs. These chemicals occur at low concentration levels, which makes their monitoring a challenge. Therefore, her research focus also expands to the development of adsorbent materials for the determination and quantification of emerging pollutants in environmental water matrices. Taking into consideration Green Chemistry, her research also involves the use of waste materials to make composites that are friendly to the environment, and to utilise them for water treatment. The materials are designed in such a way that they result in a high percentage of recoveries of the targeted pollutants and improve the detection limits of the analytical instruments used for analysis. During her academic journey, she has received several funds, including the Global Excellence Stature (GES) fellowship and the National Research Foundation, in support of her postdoctoral fellowship. She is currently an emerging researcher who is funded by the THUTHUKA grant from the National Research Foundation. She has contributed to the body of knowledge through research publications in reputable journals and presentations at local and international conferences. He also serves as a reviewer in international Journals such as MDPI and Frontiers in Chemistry, among others. In 2024, she was recognised as one of the young 200 South Africans making a positive impact in the country by the Mail and Guardian.

Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo is a full Professor of Environmental Analytical Chemistry at the University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Science (Department of Chemical Sciences). She holds a DSI-NRF SARChI in Nanotechnology for Water. Her scientific career has been dedicated to Environmental Analytical Chemistry and Nanotechnology, aiming to solve environmental problems in water quality and environmental protection. Her most significant contributions have been mainly in developing sample preparation methodologies using nanostructured materials as adsorbents for monitoring inorganic (toxic trace metals and metalloids) and organic pollutants (more specifically, emerging contaminants which include pesticides, endocrine disruptors and personal care and pharmaceutical products) in water systems. Her current research includes the application of various nanomaterials in fields that are attracting increasing interest, such as wastewater treatment, groundwater remediation, water quality monitoring, development of water quality sensors, and treatment and recovery of precious metals, among others. Her research achievements have recognised through numerous awards such as the L'Oreal-UNESCO Sub-Saharan Women in Science Regional fellowship in 2014, the South African Women in Science award in the Distinguished Young Woman Research in the Natural and Engineering Sciences category in 2017, and Vice-Chancellor's Distinguished Award: Most Promising Young Researcher of the Year in 2017. Her other recognition includes African Academy of Science Affiliate, Southern African Women in Leadership Trailblazers Award winner (Top 10), 2020/2021 NSTF-South23 Award winner of Engineering Research Capacity Development category; NSTF-South23 Award Finalist (Categories: 2019/2020 TW Kambule: Emerging Researcher &Engineering Research Capacity Development; 2020/2021 TW Kambule: Researcher), 2025 James J. Morgan Early Career Award (American Chemical Society), among others. During her academic years at the University of Johannesburg (2015-present), Prof Nomngongo has supervised/ co-supervised 48 MSc and 32 PhD students. She is currently the supervisor/co-supervisor to several MSc and PhD students. She is the author/co-author of over 170 peer-reviewed publications, 28 book chapters, and two peer-reviewed conference proceedings. She has presented 50+ keynotes and invited contributions at scientific conferences. Her Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science H indices are 43, 37 and 34, respectively. Her work has been cited 5781 (Google Scholar), 4521 (Scopus), and 3832 (Web of Science) times. She is the Associate Editor of leading and prestigious international journals and publishing houses. She is also Topic editor for ACS Environmental Science & Technology Letters. She serves as an Editorial Board member of Discover Applied Sciences, Energy & Environmental Materials, ACS Environmental Science & Technology and Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. She served as the Guest Editor for some international journals that are DHET accredited, including Frontiers in Chemistry, Frontiers in Environmental Science, Molecules and Materials

Mthokozisi Mnguni was born and lived in various parts of KwaZulu-Natal. This phenomenon resulted in him studying in more than five primary schools. He completed his Matric in 2010 at Adams College based in Durban. Mthokozisi Mnguni completed his BSc in Chemistry and Chemical Technology (2014), Honors in Chemistry (2015), MSc in Chemistry (2017), and PhD in Chemistry (2022) at the University of KwaZulu Natal. The National Research Foundation (NRF) funded all the degrees besides BSc. Throughout his MSc research project, he acquired expertise in organic synthesis and studied the mechanisms and kinetics of biological reactions. In his PhD project, Mthokozisi Mnguni obtained expertise in designing nanomaterials with specialized morphologies for sample preparation of emerging contaminants from water. The knowledge obtained here enabled the appointment as a Postdoctoral research fellow in September 2023 at the University of Johannesburg under Prof Nomngongo, a DSI-NRF SARChI in Nanotechnology for Water. The following year (2024), Mthokozisi Mnguni obtained NRF Postdoctoral research funding for two years to research the fabrication of nanomaterials for extraction and removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from water. Mthokozisi Mnguni has co-supervised two MSc students to completion and is currently co-supervising one Honors, two MSc, and five PhD students. The current work has published four research articles and one book chapter. Mthokozisi Mnguni has presented his research at six local and international conferences

Ngwako Joseas Waleng is an Assistant Lecturer and Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of Chemical Sciences at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. He specializes in analytical chemistry, with expertise in developing and applying advanced nanomaterials for wastewater remediation. He earned his PhD in Analytical Chemistry from the University of Johannesburg, where his research focused on developing sample preparation methods for the preconcentration and removal of pharmaceuticals from the environment. His research interests include environmental monitoring, wastewater remediation, nanomaterials for pollutant removal, chromatography, and chemometrics. His work integrates green chemistry principles, functional nanomaterials, and data-driven approaches to address pressing challenges in pollution control, water quality management, and sustainable development. He has authored and co-authored 10 peer-reviewed publications, contributing to the advancement of knowledge in analytical and environmental chemistry. He has also presented his research at both local and international platforms, engaging multidisciplinary audiences on innovative approaches to environmental remediation and analytical method development. Beyond research, He is actively involved in teaching and mentoring undergraduate and postgraduate students. He has experience in teaching courses such as general chemistry, instrumental analysis, and research methodology. His long-term goal is to bridge fundamental research in analytical chemistry with practical solutions for environmental and industrial challenges, thereby advancing both scientific innovation and societal impact.

Siyabonga Shoba is a chemist and researcher with a passion for discovery and storytelling. He earned his master's degree from Nelson Mandela University and holds a PhD in inorganic and analytical electrochemistry from the University of KwaZulu-Natal. He did a postdoctoral fellowship at Stellenbosch University under the mentorship of Prof. Wessel du Toit and Prof. Robert Pott, where he investigated oxygen mass transport in wine during nitrogen sparging and applied computational fluid dynamics (CFD). While also mentoring emerging researchers. Siyabonga is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Johannesburg under the guidance of Prof. Philiswa Nomngongo. His research focuses on converting waste-derived materials into nanomaterials for the chemical modification of electrodes to detect and monitor heavy metals and emerging organic contaminants in water. also continuing to mentor the next generation of scientists.

**Anele Mpupa** 取得了羅德大學的化學與微生物學理學士學位及化學榮譽理學士學位。隨後，他在約翰尼斯堡大學完成了化學碩士及博士學位。他在2017年至2020年間獲得了國家研究基金會（NRF）的資助，分別用於他的碩士和博士研究，他還獲得了德國學術交流服務（DAAD）提供的高度競爭性四個月短期研究獎學金，前往烏爾姆大學進行研究。之後，他在約翰尼斯堡大學的科學、技術與創新部門下，擔任南非研究主席計畫（DSTI-NRF SARChI）中的水資源納米技術博士後研究員。他的研究集中於水資源研究，包括水質監測及水中化學和生物污染物的分析。此外，Mpupa博士專注於基於色譜法和光譜檢測水污染物的方法學開發。此外，Mpupa博士的研究還涉及材料科學的元素，通過準備不同的材料作為吸附劑，包括金屬氧化物、納米材料複合材料和功能性材料，如分子印刷聚合物，用於提取和去除污染物。因此，研究重點在於開發吸附材料，以確定水基質中的新興污染物。此外，部分開發的材料被測試其在水中減少污染物的潛力，特別關注使用可回收原料的努力。

**Shirley Kholofelo Selahle** 是一位新興研究者，獲得了約翰尼斯堡大學的化學哲學博士學位。獲得博士學位後，她開始在約翰尼斯堡大學進行博士後研究。2023年，她加入文達大學，擔任分析化學講師。Selahle博士在文達大學的到來使她建立了一個每年增長的分析環境化學研究實驗室/小組。該小組目前由4名碩士生、1名博士生和3名榮譽生在她的指導下組成。這個研究小組專注於使用納米材料開發樣品準備方法，以分析和去除水基質中的新興污染物。新興污染物是指不在標準監測和監管計畫中的化學物質。這些化學物質的濃度較低，使得監測變得具有挑戰性。因此，她的研究重點還擴展到開發吸附材料，以確定和量化環境水基質中的新興污染物。考慮到綠色化學，她的研究還涉及使用廢料製作環保的複合材料，並利用它們進行水處理。這些材料的設計旨在實現目標污染物的高回收率，並改善用於分析的儀器的檢測限。在她的學術旅程中，她獲得了多項資助，包括全球卓越地位（GES）獎學金和國家研究基金會的支持，以支持她的博士後研究。她目前是一位由國家研究基金會的THUTHUKA獎助金資助的新興研究者。她通過在知名期刊上發表研究論文和在本地及國際會議上進行報告，為知識體系做出了貢獻。她還擔任MDPI和Frontiers in Chemistry等國際期刊的審稿人。2024年，她被《郵報與守護者》評選為200位對國家產生積極影響的年輕南非人之一。

**Philiswa Nosizo Nomngongo** 是約翰尼斯堡大學科學院（化學科學系）的環境分析化學全職教授。她擁有水資源納米技術的DSI-NRF SARChI。她的科學事業致力於環境分析化學和納米技術，旨在解決水質和環境保護中的環境問題。她最重要的貢獻主要在於開發使用納米結構材料作為吸附劑的樣品準備方法，以監測水系中的無機（有毒微量金屬和類金屬）和有機污染物（更具體地說，包括農藥、內分泌干擾物以及個人護理和藥品產品的新興污染物）。她目前的研究包括在越來越受關注的領域應用各種納米材料，如廢水處理、地下水修復、水質監測、水質傳感器的開發以及貴金屬的處理和回收等。她的研究成就獲得了多項獎項的認可，如2014年L'Oreal-UNESCO撒哈拉以南非洲女性科學家區域獎學金、2017年南非女性科學家獎（自然與工程科學類別的傑出年輕女性研究者獎）以及2017年副校長傑出獎：最有前途的年輕研究者獎。她的其他認可包括非洲科學院會員、南部非洲女性領導者開創者獎（前十名）、2020/2021 NSTF-South23工程研究能力發展類別獲獎者；NSTF-South23獎決賽入圍者（類別：2019/2020 TW Kambule：新興研究者與工程研究能力發展；2020/2021 TW Kambule：研究者）、2025年詹姆斯·J·摩根早期職業獎（美國化學學會）等。在約翰尼斯堡大學的學術生涯中（2015年至今），Nomngongo教授已指導/共同指導了48名碩士生和32名博士生。她目前是多名碩士生和博士生的指導教師/共同指導教師。她是170多篇同行評審出版物、28章書籍和兩篇同行評審會議論文的作者/共同作者。她在科學會議上發表了50多次主題演講和邀請貢獻。她的Google Scholar、Scopus和Web of Science H指數分別為43、37和34。她的工作被引用5781次（Google Scholar）、4521次（Scopus）和3832次（Web of Science）。她是多本領先和知名國際期刊及出版機構的副編輯。她還是ACS Environmental Science & Technology Letters的主題編輯。她擔任Discover Applied Sciences、Energy & Environmental Materials、ACS Environmental Science & Technology和Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry的編輯委員會成員。她曾擔任一些國際期刊的客座編輯，這些期刊均為DHET認可的，包括Frontiers in Chemistry、Frontiers in Environmental Science、Molecules和Materials。

**Mthokozisi Mnguni** 出生並生活在夸祖魯-納塔爾的各個地方。這一現象使他在五所以上的小學就讀。他於2010年在位於德班的亞當斯學院完成了中學學業。Mnguni在夸祖魯-納塔爾大學完成了化學和化學技術理學士（2014年）、化學榮譽學位（2015年）、化學碩士（2017年）和化學博士（2022年）。國家研究基金會（NRF）資助了除理學士外的所有學位。在他的碩士研究項目中，他獲得了有機合成的專業知識，並研究了生物反應的機制和動力學。在他的博士項目中，Mnguni獲得了設計具有專門形態的納米材料的專業知識，用於從水中準備新興污染物的樣品。這裡獲得的知識使他於2023年9月被任命為約翰尼斯堡大學Nomngongo教授的博士後研究員，該教授是水資源納米技術的DSI-NRF SARChI。次年（2024年），Mnguni獲得了為期兩年的NRF博士後研究資助，以研究製造納米材料以提取和去除水中的有機和無機污染物。Mnguni已共同指導兩名碩士生完成學業，並目前共同指導一名榮譽生、兩名碩士生和五名博士生。目前的工作已發表四篇研究文章和一章書籍。Mnguni已在六個本地和國際會議上發表了他的研究。

**Ngwako Joseas Waleng** 是南非約翰尼斯堡大學化學科學系的助理講師和博士後研究員。他專注於分析化學，擁有開發和應用先進納米材料進行廢水修復的專業知識。他在約翰尼斯堡大學獲得了分析化學博士學位，研究重點是開發環境中藥物的預濃縮和去除的樣品準備方法。他的研究興趣包括環境監測、廢水修復、用於污染物去除的納米材料、色譜法和化學計量學。他的工作結合了綠色化學原則、功能性納米材料和數據驅動的方法，以解決污染控制、水質管理和可持續發展中的緊迫挑戰。他已發表和共同發表10篇同行評審的出版物，為分析和環境化學的知識進步做出了貢獻。他還在本地和國際平台上發表了他的研究，與多學科觀眾交流環境修復和分析方法開發的創新方法。除了研究，他還積極參與本科生和研究生的教學和指導。他在教授一般化學、儀器分析和研究方法等課程方面擁有經驗。他的長期目標是將分析化學的基礎研究與環境和工業挑戰的實際解決方案相結合，從而推進科學創新和社會影響。

**Siyabonga Shoba** 是一名化學家和研究者，對發現和講故事充滿熱情。他在納爾遜·曼德拉大學獲得碩士學位，並在夸祖魯-納塔爾大學獲得無機和分析電化學博士學位。他在斯泰倫博斯大學進行博士後研究，受教於Wessel du Toit教授和Robert Pott教授，研究氮氣充氣過程中葡萄酒中的氧氣質量傳輸，並應用計算流體力學（CFD）。同時，他也指導新興研究者。Siyabonga目前是約翰尼斯堡大學Nomngongo教授的博士後研究員。他的研究專注於將廢料衍生材料轉化為納米材料，用於化學修飾電極，以檢測和監測水中的重金屬和新興有機污染物，同時繼續指導下一代科學家。