Energy 4.0: Trends, Challenges, and Applications
暫譯: 能源4.0：趨勢、挑戰與應用

這段文字全面討論了能源 4.0 控制與管理中現代智能技術的概念和原則，以及智能感測器在提供最佳能源資源使用方面的應用。它還涵蓋了在最大功率點追蹤技術發展方面，太陽能設計的最新進展。

Gulshan Sharma, Ph.D., earned his Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) degree in Electrical Engineering from Punjab Technical University in 2007, Master of Technology (M. Tech) in Electrical Power System Management from Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, in 2009, and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Electrical Engineering from Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India, in 2015. He was a post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Pretoria, South Africa from 2015 to 2016. He has more than 17 years of teaching and research experience at various institutes at the territory level. Presently, he is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Earlier, he was with Durban University of Technology, South Africa, as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Power Engineering and he acts as Departmental Research Committee Chair and Faculty Research Committee Representative in the Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Durban University of Technology. He is registered with the Engineering Council of South Africa. He received Y-rated research award from NRF South Africa in 2021 and the best researcher award from the Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Durban University of Technology in 2021. He is the Associate Editor of the International Journal of Modelling and Simulation (Taylor & Francis). Additionally, he serves as an Academic Editor for the International Transactionson Electrical Energy Systems (Wiley) and the Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (Wiley). He has received research funding from various research agencies and has published several book chapters & research papers in international journals and conferences and has been continuously engaged in guiding research activities at graduate/post-graduate and Ph.D. levels. His areas of interests include power system operation and control, renewable power generation, FACTS, and the application of AI techniques to power systems.

Pitshou N. Bokoro, Ph.D., is an accomplished academic and researcher with a distinguished career in the field of Electrical Engineering. He completed his Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from the Durban University of Technology in 2006, followed by a Master's degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Johannesburg in 2011, and a Ph.D. from the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa, in 2016. He joined the University of Johannesburg in 2007 as a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical Engineering Technology. He has since advanced to the position of Senior Lecturer, Head of Department, Associate Professor, and currently Head of School. He is professionally registered with the Engineering Council of South Africa and is a senior member of both the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers (SAIEE) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In addition, he serves as a specialist editor for the SAIEE Africa Research Journal. As a prolific researcher, he has authored and coauthored over 72 journal articles, including publications in high-impact, quartile-1 journals. He has presented 74 papers at both local and internationally recognized conferences in the field of engineering. His scholarly contributions also extend to authoring two books, and eight book chapters (with three currently in print) published by globally reputed publishers such as Springer Nature, IGI Global, and IET. He has successfully conducted numerous research projects, securing over US$42,611.72 in grants. Notably, he is a recipient of the prestigious Erasmus+ funding in collaboration with the University of Klagenfurt, Austria and the University of Perugia, Italy. He has mentored a significant number of postgraduate students, having supervised to completion of 20 master's students (with 8 currently under supervision) and 6 Ph.D. candidates (with another 7 currently under his guidance). His research interests encompass a wide range of topics, including power quality, distributed generation, virtual sensors, condition monitoring of dielectrics and insulation materials, the reliability of surge protective devices, and the economics of energy.

Sudeep Tanwar, Ph.D., is a full professor at the Nirma University, India. He is also, a Visiting Professor with WSG University, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Jan Wyzykowski University, Poland; and the University of Pitesti, Romania. He earned his B.Tech in 2002 from Kurukshetra University, India; M. Tech (Honors) in 2009 from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India; and Ph.D. in 2016 with a specialization in Wireless Sensor Network. He has authored 5 books, edited 25 books, and published more than 350 technical articles in top-cited journals and conferences, including IEEE TNSE, IEEE TVT, IEEE TII, IEEE TGCN, IEEE TCSC, IEEE IoTJ, IEEE NETWORKS, IEEE WCM, ICC, IWCMC, GLOBECOM, CITS, and INFOCOM. He initiated the research field of blockchain technology adoption in various verticals in the year 2017. His H-index as per Google Scholar and Scopus is 68 and 55, respectively. His research interests include blockchain technology, deep learning/machine learning, wireless sensor networks, fog computing, smart grid, and the IoT. He is a member of the Technical Committee on Tactile Internet of the IEEE Communication Society. Recently, he was awarded a cash prize of Rs. 50,000 for publishing papers with an impact factor of 5+ and publication of books with Springer, IET, and CRC under the scheme of "Faculty Awards and Incentives" of Nirma University for the year 2019-2020. He received Best Research Paper Awards from IEEE SCIoT 2022, IEEE IWCMC-2021, IEEE ICCCA-2021, IEEE GLOBECOM 2018, IEEE ICC 2019, and Springer ICRIC-2019. He also won Dr. KW Wong Annual Best Paper Prize (750 USD) in2021, sponsored by Elsevier (publishers of Journal of Information Security and Applications). He has served many international conferences as a member of the organizing committees, such as Publication Chair for FTNCT-2020, ICCIC 2020, and WiMob2019; and a General Chair for IC4S 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022; ICCSDF 2020; and FTNCT 2021. He is on the editorial boards of COMCOM-Elsevier, IJCS-Wiley, Cyber Security and Applications-Elsevier, Frontiers of Blockchain, SPY-Wiley, IJMIS-Inderscience, JCCE, and JSSS. He also leads the ST Research Laboratory, where group members work on the latest cutting-edge technologies.

**古爾尚·沙瑪（Gulshan Sharma）博士**於2007年獲得印度旁遮普技術大學的電機工程學士學位（B. Tech），2009年獲得新德里賈米亞米利亞伊斯蘭大學的電力系統管理碩士學位（M. Tech），並於2015年獲得印度齋浦爾馬拉維亞國立技術學院的電機工程博士學位（Ph.D.）。他於2015年至2016年在南非比勒陀利亞大學擔任博士後研究員。他在各級學院擁有超過17年的教學和研究經驗。目前，他在南非約翰尼斯堡大學的電機工程技術系擔任副教授。之前，他在南非德班科技大學的電力工程系擔任高級講師，並擔任該系的研究委員會主席及教職員研究委員會代表。他已在南非工程委員會註冊。2021年，他獲得南非國家研究基金會的Y級研究獎，並獲得德班科技大學電力工程系的最佳研究者獎。他是《國際建模與模擬期刊》（International Journal of Modelling and Simulation）的副編輯。此外，他還擔任《國際電能系統交易期刊》（International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems）和《電氣與計算機工程期刊》（Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering）的學術編輯。他已從各種研究機構獲得研究資金，並在國際期刊和會議上發表了多篇書章和研究論文，並持續參與指導研究活動，涵蓋碩士、博士及研究生層級。他的研究興趣包括電力系統的運行與控制、可再生能源發電、FACTS，以及人工智慧技術在電力系統中的應用。

**皮特舒·N·博科羅（Pitshou N. Bokoro）博士**是一位在電機工程領域具有卓越成就的學者和研究人員。他於2006年在南非德班科技大學獲得電機工程學士學位，2011年在約翰尼斯堡大學獲得電機工程碩士學位，並於2016年在南非威特沃特斯蘭大學獲得博士學位。他於2007年加入約翰尼斯堡大學，擔任電機工程技術系的講師，並逐步晉升為高級講師、系主任、副教授，目前擔任學院院長。他已在南非工程委員會專業註冊，並是南非電機工程師學會（SAIEE）和電氣與電子工程師學會（IEEE）的高級會員。此外，他還擔任SAIEE《非洲研究期刊》的專家編輯。作為一位多產的研究者，他已發表和共同發表超過72篇期刊文章，包括在高影響力的四分位數1期刊上的出版物。他在本地和國際認可的工程會議上發表了74篇論文。他的學術貢獻還包括撰寫兩本書籍和八章書籍（其中三本目前已出版），由全球知名出版社如Springer Nature、IGI Global和IET出版。他成功地進行了多個研究項目，獲得超過42,611.72美元的資助。值得注意的是，他是與奧地利克拉根福大學和意大利佩魯賈大學合作的Erasmus+資助的獲得者。他指導了大量研究生，完成了20名碩士生的指導（目前有8名在指導中）和6名博士生（目前有7名在指導中）。他的研究興趣涵蓋廣泛的主題，包括電力質量、分散式發電、虛擬傳感器、電介質和絕緣材料的狀態監測、浪湧保護裝置的可靠性以及能源經濟學。

**蘇迪普·坦瓦爾（Sudeep Tanwar）博士**是印度尼爾瑪大學的全職教授。他同時也是波蘭比得哥什的WSG大學、波蘭揚·維茲科夫斯基大學和羅馬尼亞皮特什蒂大學的訪問教授。他於2002年在印度庫魯克舍特拉大學獲得B.Tech學位，2009年在印度德里古魯·戈賓德·辛格·印德拉普拉斯塔大學獲得M. Tech（榮譽）學位，並於2016年獲得無線傳感器網路專業的博士學位（Ph.D.）。他已撰寫5本書籍，編輯25本書籍，並在高引用的期刊和會議上發表超過350篇技術文章，包括《IEEE TNSE》、《IEEE TVT》、《IEEE TII》、《IEEE TGCN》、《IEEE TCSC》、《IEEE IoTJ》、《IEEE NETWORKS》、《IEEE WCM》、《ICC》、《IWCMC》、《GLOBECOM》、《CITS》和《INFOCOM》。他於2017年啟動了區塊鏈技術在各個領域應用的研究領域。他的H指數根據Google Scholar和Scopus分別為68和55。他的研究興趣包括區塊鏈技術、深度學習/機器學習、無線傳感器網路、霧計算、智慧電網和物聯網（IoT）。他是IEEE通信學會觸覺互聯網技術委員會的成員。最近，他因發表影響因子超過5的論文和與Springer、IET及CRC出版的書籍而獲得了50,000印度盧比的現金獎，這是尼爾瑪大學2019-2020年度的「教職員獎勵計畫」的一部分。他獲得了IEEE SCIoT 2022、IEEE IWCMC-2021、IEEE ICCCA-2021、IEEE GLOBECOM 2018、IEEE ICC 2019和Springer ICRIC-2019的最佳研究論文獎。他還在2021年獲得了由Elsevier（《信息安全與應用期刊》的出版商）贊助的KW Wong年度最佳論文獎（750美元）。他曾在多個國際會議中擔任組織委員會成員，如FTNCT-2020、ICCIC 2020和WiMob2019的出版主席；以及IC4S 2019、2020、2021、2022、ICCSDF 2020和FTNCT 2021的總主席。他還在《COMCOM-Elsevier》、《IJCS-Wiley》、《Cyber Security and Applications-Elsevier》、《Frontiers of Blockchain》、《SPY-Wiley》、《IJMIS-Inderscience》、《JCCE》和《JSSS》的編輯委員會中任職。他還領導ST研究實驗室，該實驗室的成員專注於最新的尖端技術。