Low Voltage, Low Power CMOS Current Conveyors

Description

Research in analog integrated circuits has recently gone in the direction of low-voltage (LV), low-power (LP) design, especially in the environment of portable systems where a low supply voltage, given by a single-cell battery, is used. These LV circuits have to show a reduced power consumption to maintain a longer battery lifetime as well. In this area, traditional voltage-mode techniques are going to be substituted by the current-mode approach, which has the recognized advantage to overcome the gain-bandwidth product limitation, typical of operational amplifiers. Then they do not require high voltage gains and have good performance in terms of speed, bandwidth and accuracy. Inside the current-mode architectures, the current-conveyor (CCII) can be considered the basic circuit block because all the active devices can be made of a suitable connection of one or two CCIIs. CCII is particularly attractive in portable systems, where LV LP constraints have to be taken into account. In fact, it suffers less from the limitation of low current utilisation, while showing full dynamic characteristics at reduced supplies (especially CMOS version) and good high frequency performance. Recent advances in integrated circuit technology have also highlighted the usefulness of CCII solutions in a large number of signal processing applications.

In Low Voltage, Low Power CMOS Current Conveyors, the authors start by giving a brief history of the first and second generation CC. Then, the second generation current-conveyor (CCII) will be considered as a building block in the main active feedback devices and in the implementation of simple analog functions, as an alternative to OA. In the next chapters, the design of CCII topologies will be considered, together with a further look into CCII modern solutions and future trends. The authors will, therefore, describe LV LP CCII implementations, their evolution towards differential and generalized topologies, and new possible CCII applications in some basic analog functions such as filters, impedance simulators and converters, oscillators, among others.

Being a concise and modern book on current conveyors, Low Voltage, Low Power CMOS Current Conveyors considers these kinds of devices both in a general environment and for low-voltage low-power applications. This book can constitute an excellent reference for analog designers and researchers and is suitable for use as a textbook in an advanced course on Microelectronics.

Table of contents

Abstract.

 

1: Introduction. 1.1. The current mode approach: brief history of current conveyors. 1.2. The second generation current conveyor (CCII) as building block.

 

2: Design of CCII topologies. 2.1. CCII ideal and real characteristics and equivalent models. 2.2. CCII topologies: circuit schemes and electrical characteristics. 2.3. The CCII: state of the art and future trend.

 

3: CCII low voltage low power design and characteristics. 3.1. Design techniques for low voltage low power (LV LP). 3.2. Low voltage low power CCIIs. 3.4. Offset in current conveyors. 3.5. Noise in current conveyors.

 

4: Evolution of LV LP CCII basic building block. 4.1. Improvements of the basic CCII. 4.2. Towards the differential solutions.

 

5: LV LP CCII applications. 5.1. Basic applications. 5.2. Impedance simulators. 5.3. CCII-based filters. 5.4. Oscillators. 5.5. CCII applications.

 

Appendix A. Appendix B. Appendix C.

描述

近年來，類比集成電路的研究方向已轉向低電壓（LV）、低功耗（LP）設計，尤其是在便攜系統的環境中，使用單節電池提供的低供應電壓。這些LV電路必須展示出較低的功耗，以延長電池壽命。在這個領域中，傳統的電壓模式技術將被電流模式方法所取代，後者具有克服運算放大器典型的增益帶寬乘積限制的優勢。因此，它們不需要高增益，並且在速度、頻寬和精度方面表現良好。在電流模式架構中，電流傳輸器（CCII）可以被認為是基本的電路模塊，因為所有的主動器件都可以由一個或兩個適當連接的CCII組成。CCII在便攜系統中特別具有吸引力，因為它在考慮LV LP限制時受到的低電流利用率限制較小，同時在降低供應電壓（尤其是CMOS版本）和良好的高頻性能方面展示出完整的動態特性。集成電路技術的最新進展也突顯了CCII解決方案在大量信號處理應用中的有用性。

在《低電壓、低功耗CMOS電流傳輸器》一書中，作者首先簡要介紹了第一代和第二代CC的歷史。然後，將把第二代電流傳輸器（CCII）作為主要主動反饋器件和實現簡單類比功能的構建塊，作為對運算放大器的替代方案。在接下來的章節中，將考慮CCII拓撲的設計，以及對CCII現代解決方案和未來趨勢的進一步研究。因此，作者將描述LV LP CCII實現，它們向差動和廣義拓撲的演進，以及在濾波器、阻抗模擬器和轉換器、振盪器等一些基本類比功能中的新的可能的CCII應用。

作為一本簡明而現代的關於電流傳輸器的書籍，《低電壓、低功耗CMOS電流傳輸器》既考慮了這類設備在一般環境中的應用，也考慮了低電壓低功耗應用。這本書可以成為類比設計師和研究人員的優秀參考資料，並適合作為微電子學高級課程的教材。

目錄

摘要。

 

1：引言。1.1。電流模式方法：電流傳輸器的簡要歷史。1.2。第二代電流傳輸器（CCII）作為構建塊。

 

2：CCII拓撲的設計。2.1。CCII的理想和實際特性和等效模型。2.2。CCII拓撲：電路方案和電氣特性。2.3。CCII：現狀和未來趨勢。

 

3：CCII低電壓低功耗 設計和特性。3.1。低電壓低功耗（LV LP）的設計技術。3.2。低電壓低功耗CCII。