Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods, paradigms, and measures

We make 3-5 eye movements per second, and these movements are crucial in helping us deal with the vast amounts of information we encounter in our everyday lives. In recent years, thanks to the development of eye-tracking technology, there has been a growing interest in monitoring and measuring these movements, with a view to understanding how we attend to and process the visual information around us. Eye tracking as a research tool is now more accessible than ever, and is growing in popularity amongst researchers from a whole host of different disciplines. Usability analysts, sports scientists, cognitive psychologists, reading researchers, psycholinguists, neurophysiologists, electrical engineers, and others all have a vested interest in eye tracking for different reasons. However, despite the scientific advancements and technological innovations resulting from recording eye movements, the growth of eye tracking also presents a variety of challenges-in particular how to design an eye-tracking experiment and analyse the data to fit your needs. This volume is a much needed comprehensive handbook of eye-tracking methodology. In its second edition, it describes how to evaluate and acquire an eye-tracker, how to plan and design an eye tracking study, and how to record and analyse eye-movement data. Besides technical details and theory, the heart of the book revolves around practicality-how raw data samples are converted into fixations and saccades using event detection algorithms, how the different representations of eye-movement data are calculated using Areas Of Interest (AOIs), heat maps and scanpaths, and how all the measures of eye movements relate to these processes. Part I presents the technology and skills needed to perform high-quality research with eye-trackers. Part II covers the predominant methods applied to the data which eye-trackers record. These include the parsing of raw sample data into oculomotor events, and how to calculate representations of eye movements such as transition matrices. Part III gives a comprehensive outline of the most common paradigms used with eye-trackers, and the measures which can be calculated using the events and representations described in Part II. This is a taxonomy of the measures available to eye-tracking researchers, sorted by type of movement of the eyes and type of analysis. With it, the time and effort to design your experiments can be much reduced. For anyone in the sciences considering conducting research involving eye tracking, this book is an essential reference.

我們每秒做3-5次眼球運動，這些運動對於我們處理日常生活中遇到的大量資訊至關重要。近年來，隨著眼球追蹤技術的發展，對於監測和測量這些運動的興趣日益增加，以便了解我們如何關注和處理周圍的視覺資訊。眼球追蹤作為一種研究工具現在比以往任何時候都更容易使用，並且在各種不同學科的研究人員中越來越受歡迎。可用性分析師、運動科學家、認知心理學家、閱讀研究人員、心理語言學家、神經生理學家、電氣工程師等都對眼球追蹤有著不同的興趣。然而，儘管記錄眼球運動帶來了科學進步和技術創新，眼球追蹤的增長也帶來了各種挑戰，特別是如何設計眼球追蹤實驗和分析數據以滿足您的需求。這本書是一本非常需要的眼球追蹤方法手冊。在第二版中，它描述了如何評估和獲取眼球追蹤器，如何計劃和設計眼球追蹤研究，以及如何記錄和分析眼球運動數據。除了技術細節和理論，本書的核心圍繞實用性-如何使用事件檢測算法將原始數據樣本轉換為凝視和眼球運動，如何使用感興趣區域（AOIs）、熱點圖和掃描路徑計算眼球運動的不同表示，以及所有眼球運動測量與這些過程的關聯。第一部分介紹了使用眼球追蹤器進行高質量研究所需的技術和技能。第二部分涵蓋了眼球追蹤器記錄的數據所應用的主要方法。這些方法包括將原始樣本數據解析為眼球運動事件，以及如何計算眼球運動的表示，例如過渡矩陣。第三部分詳細介紹了眼球追蹤器使用的最常見範例和在第二部分描述的事件和表示中可以計算的測量。這是一個按眼球運動類型和分析類型分類的眼球追蹤研究人員可用的測量方法的分類。有了它，設計實驗的時間和精力可以大大減少。對於任何考慮進行涉及眼球追蹤的科學研究的人來說，這本書是一本必不可少的參考資料。

Kenneth Holmqvist is a professor at the North-West University, South Africa, at the Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic and a guest professor at Regensburg University, Germany. Kenneth founded the eye tracking laboratory in Lund already in 1995, and has since extended the laboratory to incorporate almost 50 eye-trackers and a multitude of projects. Kenneth has worked in a large variety of eye-tracking-based research stretching from reading research and scene perception, over to newspaper reading, post-saccadic oscillations, the eye movements of dogs, advertisement studies, and gesture recognition in face to face interaction. Kenneth also has expertise in eye tracking used in applied areas, including decision making in supermarkets and research on safety in car driving and air traffic control. Now his focus is on method and teaching in eye-tracking research. In 2000, Kenneth initiated regular masters courses in eye tracking methodology. In 2006, he founded the Scandinavian Conference on Applied Eye Tracking, and in 2008, the international LETA training courses in eye-tracking methodology which has taught more than 650 scholars around the world. He also arranged so that the eye-tracking group in Lund could jointly organize ECEM 2013 in Lund. Kenneth is the initiator and main author of this book, both its first and its second edition. Richard Andersson is a PhD in Cognitive Science, and has worked as a researcher in Cognitive Science at Lund University. He started out in psycholinguistics, but later moved on to more methodological research, such as the role of event detection algorithms, physiological factors, and procedures on data quality. Richard was a frequent teacher at the LETA intensive eye-tracking courses as well as a teacher in eye-tracking and experimental design.

Kenneth Holmqvist是南非西北大學、捷克布爾諾馬薩里克大學和德國雷根斯堡大學的客座教授。Kenneth於1995年在隆德創立了眼動追蹤實驗室，並擴展了該實驗室，現在擁有近50台眼動追蹤儀和眾多研究項目。Kenneth從事了眼動追蹤研究的多個領域，包括閱讀研究、場景感知、報紙閱讀、後眼球震盪、狗的眼動、廣告研究以及面對面互動中的手勢識別。Kenneth還在應用領域中具有眼動追蹤的專業知識，包括超市決策和汽車駕駛和空中交通管制的安全研究。現在他的重點是眼動追蹤研究的方法和教學。2000年，Kenneth開始定期舉辦眼動追蹤方法的碩士課程。2006年，他創辦了斯堪的納維亞應用眼動追蹤會議，2008年創辦了國際LETA眼動追蹤方法培訓課程，已經教授了全球650多名學者。他還安排隆德的眼動追蹤小組共同組織了2013年的ECEM會議。Kenneth是本書的發起人和主要作者，包括第一版和第二版。Richard Andersson是認知科學博士，曾在隆德大學的認知科學研究中擔任研究員。他起初從事心理語言學研究，後來轉向更多方法論研究，如事件檢測算法、生理因素和數據質量的程序。Richard經常在LETA密集眼動追蹤課程上擔任教師，並在眼動追蹤和實驗設計方面擔任教師。