Introduction to Development Engineering: A Framework with Applications from the Field

This open access textbook introduces the emerging field of Development Engineering, its constituent theories, methods, and applications. It is both a teaching text for students and a resource for researchers and practitioners engaged in the design of technologies for low-resource communities. The scope is broad, ranging from the development of mobile applications for low-literacy users, to hardware and software solutions for providing electricity and water in remote settings. It is also highly interdisciplinary, drawing on methods and theory from the social sciences as well as engineering and the natural sciences.

The opening section reviews the history of "technology-for-development" research, and presents a framework that formalizes this body of work and begins its transformation into an academic discipline. It identifies common challenges in development and explains the book's 'innovate, evaluate, scale' approach, integrating it with product development lifecycles. Each of the next six thematic sections focuses on a different sector: water, sanitation and health; governance; energy and resources; information; markets; and human capital. These thematic sections contain case studies from landmark research that directly integrates engineering innovation with technically rigorous methods from the social sciences. Each case study describes the design, evaluation, and/or scaling of a technology in the field and follows a single template, with common headings and questions, to create continuity and pedagogical consistency. Together, they highlight successful solutions to development challenges, while also analyzing the rarely discussed failures. The book concludes by reiterating the core principles of development engineering illustrated in the case studies and highlighting common challenges that engineers and scientists face in designing technology interventions to accelerate economic development.

Development Engineering provides, for the first time, a coherent intellectual framework for attacking the challenges of poverty through the design of better technologies. It offers the rigorous discipline necessary to help channel the energy of a new generation of scientists and engineers studying and engaged in advancing social welfare and improving living conditions in low-resource communities.

這本開放存取的教科書介紹了新興領域「發展工程」的理論、方法和應用。它既是學生的教材，也是研究人員和從事為低資源社區設計技術的從業者的資源。範圍很廣，從為低識字用戶開發移動應用程序，到為偏遠地區提供電力和水的硬件和軟件解決方案。它也是高度跨學科的，既借鑒社會科學的方法和理論，也借鑒工程和自然科學的方法和理論。

開頭部分回顧了「發展技術」研究的歷史，並提出了一個框架，將這一研究成果正式化，並開始將其轉化為一門學術學科。它確定了發展中的共同挑戰，並解釋了本書的「創新、評估、擴展」方法，將其與產品開發生命周期相結合。接下來的六個主題部分分別聚焦於不同的領域：水、衛生和健康；治理；能源和資源；信息；市場；以及人力資本。這些主題部分包含了具有里程碑意義的研究案例，直接將工程創新與社會科學的嚴謹方法相結合。每個案例研究描述了在實地設計、評估和/或擴展技術的過程，並遵循單一模板，具有共同的標題和問題，以創造連貫性和教學一致性。它們一起突出了解決發展挑戰的成功解決方案，同時分析了很少被討論的失敗案例。本書最後重申了案例研究中所展示的發展工程的核心原則，並強調工程師和科學家在設計技術干預以加速經濟發展時面臨的共同挑戰。

《發展工程》首次提供了一個有條理的智力框架，以通過設計更好的技術來解決貧困挑戰。它提供了必要的嚴謹學科，以幫助引導新一代科學家和工程師的能量，他們致力於研究和推動社會福利，改善低資源社區的生活條件。

Temina Madon is Executive Director of the Center for Effective Global Action (CEGA), a research network headquartered at UC Berkeley that focuses on the design and rigorous evaluation of anti-poverty policies, services, and technologies. In this role, Madon oversees the Development Impact Lab, a USAID-funded consortium of universities leveraging science and engineering to accelerate global economic development. She also spearheads multiple initiatives to build scientific capacity in developing countries, particularly in the areas of economics and public health. She has served as an advisor to the World Health Organization on implementation research and has consulted for the World Bank, the International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Earlier, Madon served as founding executive director of the Center for Emerging and Neglected Diseases at UC Berkeley. From 2006 to 2008, she was the science policy analyst for the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Prior to this, she led a portfolio of global health initiatives for the U.S. Senate HELP Committee (under the leadership of Senator Edward Kennedy) as a AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow. She received a PhD in 2004 from UC Berkeley and a BS in 1998 from MIT.

Ashok J. Gadgil is Faculty Senior Scientist and former Director of the Energy and Environmental Technologies Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He is also Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He specializes in heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and technology design for development. He also has substantial experience in technical, economic, and policy research on energy efficiency and its implementation - particularly in developing countries. Two of his best-known technologies for the developing-world are UV Waterworks (a simple, effective, and inexpensive water disinfection system), and the Berkeley-Darfur Stove (a low-cost stove that saves fuelwood in internally displaced person's camps in Darfur). In early 1990s, he analyzed the potential for large utility-sponsored projects to promote energy efficient electric lighting in poor households in developing countries, then teamed up with others to design and demonstrate such projects. These have become commonplace in dozens of developing countries since 2000 onward, saving billions of dollars annually to their economies. Gadgil holds a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of California, Berkeley and an M.Sc. in Physics from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.

Richard Anderson is a Professor in the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington. His research interest is in Computing for the Developing World, with work spanning educational technology, mobile data management tools, global health information systems; and digital financial services. He has conducted research at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, the Indian Institute of Science, Microsoft Research, and PATH, a Seattle based NGO working on health technologies for low resource environments. He has been recognized with the NSF Presidential Young Investigator award the University of Washington College of Engineering Faculty Innovator for Teaching Award and the 2020 ACM Eugene L. Lawler Award for Humanitarian Contributions within Computer Science and Informatics. Previously, he worked in the theory and implementation of algorithms, including parallel algorithms, computational geometry, and scientific applications. He graduated with a B.A. in Mathematics from Reed College and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Stanford University.

Lorenzo Casaburi is an Associate Professor in the Department of Economics at the University of Zurich. His main line of research focuses on agricultural markets in Sub-Saharan Africa, with an emphasis on market structure, behavioral insights, and agricultural finance. His research has received funding from the European Research Council, the Swiss National Foundation, the U.S. Agency for International Development, UK Aid, and others. He is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research and Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development, and a Research Affiliate at the International Growth Centre, Innovations for Poverty Action, and the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. Lorenzo holds a B.A. from the University of Bologna and a Ph.D. in Economics from Harvard. Before joining the University of Zurich, he was a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University.

Ken Lee is the Director of Air Quality Life Index and a Senior Research Associate in the Department of Economics at the University of Chicago. He researches questions in the areas of development economics, environmental and energy economics, and environmental health. He has designed and published field experiments in both Kenya and India. Prior to this, he was the Executive Director of the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC) in India. He also held Research Fellow positions at the Center for Effective Global Action and the Energy Institute at Haas. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley; a Masters in International Affairs from Columbia University, and a Bachelors from McGill University. Earlier in his career, he worked as an investment banker in Toronto and London, covering media and telecoms companies in Africa, Europe, and Canada.

Arman Rezaee is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the University of California, Davis. His research focuses on intersections of service delivery, political economy and technology. He makes use of large-scale field experiments that leverage cellular technology, as well as natural experiments using historical archival data. Much of his work focuses on Pakistan. He also has active projects in Uganda and the Philippines. His work has been supported by the the Center for Effective Global Action, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the International Growth Centre, the Abu Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, the Policy Design Evaluation Lab, Private Enterprise Development in Low-Income Countries, and the University of California Labs. Before obtaining his Ph.D. in economics from UC San Diego, he earned his Masters in Public Policy from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, where he was a Public Policy and International Affairs Fellow.

Temina Madon是加州大學柏克萊分校總部設立的有效全球行動中心（CEGA）的執行主任。該研究網絡專注於設計和嚴格評估反貧困政策、服務和技術。在這個職位上，Madon負責監督發展影響實驗室，這是一個由美國國際開發署資助的大學聯盟，利用科學和工程學加速全球經濟發展。她還領導多個倡議，旨在在發展中國家特別是在經濟學和公共衛生領域建立科學能力。她曾擔任世界衛生組織實施研究的顧問，並為世界銀行、國際影響評估倡議和比爾及梅琳達·蓋茨基金會提供咨詢。在此之前，Madon擔任加州大學柏克萊分校新興和被忽視疾病中心的創始執行主任。2006年至2008年，她擔任國家衛生研究院（NIH）弗格蒂國際中心的科學政策分析師。在此之前，她作為AAAS科學和技術政策研究員，為美國參議院幫助委員會（在愛德華·肯尼迪參議員的領導下）領導全球衛生倡議。她於2004年獲得加州大學柏克萊分校的博士學位，並於1998年獲得麻省理工學院的學士學位。

Ashok J. Gadgil是勞倫斯伯克利國家實驗室能源和環境技術部的高級科學家和前主任。他還是加州大學柏克萊分校土木與環境工程學教授。他專注於熱傳遞、流體動力學和發展技術設計。他在能源效率和其在發展中國家的實施方面，尤其在技術、經濟和政策研究方面擁有豐富經驗。他在發展中國家最著名的兩項技術是UV Waterworks（一種簡單、有效且廉價的水消毒系統）和伯克利-達爾富爾爐（一種在達爾富爾內部流離失所者燃料節約爐）。在1990年代初，他分析了大型公用事業贊助項目在發展中國家貧困家庭中促進節能電燈的潛力，然後與其他人合作設計和示範了這樣的項目。自2000年以來，這些項目在數十個發展中國家已經變得司空見慣，每年為這些國家節省數十億美元。Gadgil擁有加州大學柏克萊分校的物理學博士學位和印度理工學院坎普爾分校的物理學碩士學位。

Richard Anderson是華盛頓大學保羅·G·艾倫計算機科學與工程學院的教授。他的研究興趣是發展中國家的計算機應用，涵蓋教育技術、移動數據管理工具、全球衛生信息系統和數字金融服務。他曾在數學科學研究所、印度科學研究所、微軟研究院和PATH（一家位於西雅圖的非政府組織，致力於低資源環境的健康技術）進行研究。他曾獲得NSF總統青年研究員獎、華盛頓大學工程學院教學創新獎和2020年ACM Eugene L. Lawler計算機科學和信息學人道貢獻獎。此前，他從事算法的理論和實現研究，包括並行算法、計算幾何和科學應用。他畢業於里德學院數學學士學位，並獲得斯坦福大學計算機科學博士學位。

Lorenzo Casaburi是蘇黎世大學經濟學系的副教授。他的主要研究領域是撒哈拉以南非洲的農業市場，重點關注市場結構和行為洞察。