Eurasian Business and Economics Perspectives: Proceedings of the 38th Eurasia Business and Economics Society Conference
暫譯: 歐亞商業與經濟觀點：第38屆歐亞商業與經濟學會會議論文集

EBES 會議一直是經濟學、金融學和商業領域學術討論的智識中心，並為參與者提供了建立持久學術合作的網絡機會。本書是《歐亞商業與經濟研究》（EBES 的官方會議論文集）第 26 卷，收錄了第 38 屆 EBES 會議的選定論文，該會議於華沙舉行。會議以混合模式進行，包含線上和面對面的報告，於 2022 年 1 月 12 日至 14 日在波蘭華沙的華沙大學經濟科學院舉行。在會議上，來自 50 個國家的 439 位同事發表了 197 篇論文。本卷中的理論和實證論文涵蓋了來自不同地區的商業、經濟和金融的多樣領域。

Ender Demir is an Associate Professor of Finance at the Department of Business Administration, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University (Iceland). Dr. Demir is the founder and conference coordinator of the Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES). He serves as the Associate Editor of the Eurasian Business Review (Springer), and as a Subject Editor of the Journal of Multinational Financial Management. He has published his research in peer-reviewed international journals such as the Annals of Tourism Research, Emerging Markets Review, Finance Research Letters, and Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money. His research interests are in corporate finance, cryptocurrencies, financial economics, and tourism economics.

Mehmet Hüseyin Bilgin is a Professor at Istanbul Medeniyet University (Turkey). He has also held visiting faculty positions at Indiana University in Indianapolis (USA), Jacksonville University (USA), Zagreb University (Croatia), and Nanyang Technological University (Singapore). Prof. Bilgin has published many articles in reputable international journals. Among other several editorial duties, he serves as the Subject Editor in Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions & Money and as the Associate Editor in Singapore Economic Review. He is the founder and current Chairman of the Istanbul Economic Research Association, and the founder and current Vice President of the Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES, Turkey). He has also been active as a consultant to several institutions, as a newspaper columnist, and featured in several television programs.

Hakan Danis is the Vice President of the Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES) and Director in the Credit Strategies Group at the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFG) (USA). He has previously worked at the Spanish multinational global bank Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (BBVA) in the USA as economist. He is one of the founders and first President of the EBES. He has published articles in many leading economics and finance journals and currently serves as the Managing Editor of Eurasian Economic Review (Springer). He served as the guest editor at the Emerging Markets Finance & Trade and Singapore Economic Review, and has published several academic books. His current research and teaching interests include monetary policy, nonlinear applied time series, risk management in financial institutions, and macroeconomics.

Leszek Wincenciak, Ph.D., received his degree in Economics at the University of Warsaw in 2007 and currently holds the position of Professor of Economics at the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw. His research concentrates on the field of labour economics and education. His publications include topics like graduates transition from school to labour market; returns to schooling; unemployment duration; education and qualification mismatch; wage distribution and inequality. His research interests reach the field of international economics as well, in particular topics related to international trade - gravity models of trade; impact of international competition on the local labour markets; exchange rate fluctuations; currency union problems and international trade theory. His teaching experience ranges from undergraduate courses in microeconomics, international trade theory and policy, open economy macroeconomics to graduate courses in advanced macroeconomics. He participated in a number of research projects and served as advisor to government and non-government institutions. Currently he is the head of the Master Programme in International Economics at the Faculty of Economics Sciences, head of the Department of Education and Labour Economics at the same faculty and he is the organizer of the annual international conference Warsaw International Economic Meeting.

S. Tolga Er is a PhD candidate in the joint program "European Doctorate in Law and Economics" at the University of Hamburg in cooperation with the University of Bologna and Erasmus University Rotterdam. He serves in IT and business development at Eurasia Business and Economics Society (EBES). He holds a M.A. and B.A. in Economics from Marmara University (Turkey). His current research interests are health economics, law and economics, and constitutional political economy.

Ender Demir 是冰島雷克雅維克大學社會科學學院商業管理系的金融副教授。Demir 博士是歐亞商業與經濟學會（EBES）的創始人及會議協調員。他擔任《歐亞商業評論》（Springer）的副編輯，以及《跨國金融管理期刊》的主題編輯。他的研究已發表於多個國際同行評審期刊，如《旅遊研究年鑑》、《新興市場評論》、《金融研究快報》和《國際金融市場、機構與貨幣期刊》。他的研究興趣包括企業金融、加密貨幣、金融經濟學和旅遊經濟學。

Mehmet Hüseyin Bilgin 是土耳其伊斯坦堡美登尼特大學的教授。他曾在美國印第安納州的印第安納大學、美國傑克遜維爾大學、克羅埃西亞薩格勒布大學和新加坡南洋理工大學擔任訪問教職。Bilgin 教授在多個知名國際期刊上發表了許多文章。除了其他編輯職務外，他擔任《國際金融市場、機構與貨幣期刊》的主題編輯，以及《新加坡經濟評論》的副編輯。他是伊斯坦堡經濟研究協會的創始人及現任主席，也是土耳其歐亞商業與經濟學會（EBES）的創始人及現任副主席。他還擔任多個機構的顧問，並作為報紙專欄作家，參與多個電視節目。

Hakan Danis 是歐亞商業與經濟學會（EBES）的副主席，並在三菱UFJ金融集團（MUFG）（美國）的信貸策略小組擔任主任。他曾在美國的西班牙跨國銀行比爾包比斯開銀行（BBVA）擔任經濟學家。他是EBES的創始人之一及首任主席。他在許多領先的經濟學和金融期刊上發表文章，目前擔任《歐亞經濟評論》（Springer）的主編。他曾擔任《新興市場金融與貿易》和《新加坡經濟評論》的客座編輯，並出版了幾本學術書籍。他目前的研究和教學興趣包括貨幣政策、非線性應用時間序列、金融機構的風險管理和宏觀經濟學。

Leszek Wincenciak 博士於2007年在華沙大學獲得經濟學學位，目前擔任華沙大學經濟科學學院的經濟學教授。他的研究集中在勞動經濟學和教育領域。他的出版物包括畢業生從學校過渡到勞動市場的主題；教育的回報；失業持續時間；教育與資格不匹配；工資分配和不平等。他的研究興趣也涵蓋國際經濟學，特別是與國際貿易相關的主題——貿易的重力模型；國際競爭對當地勞動市場的影響；匯率波動；貨幣聯盟問題和國際貿易理論。他的教學經驗涵蓋本科課程，如微觀經濟學、國際貿易理論與政策、開放經濟宏觀經濟學，以及研究生課程中的高級宏觀經濟學。他參與了多個研究項目，並擔任政府和非政府機構的顧問。目前，他是經濟科學學院國際經濟碩士課程的負責人，同時也是該學院教育與勞動經濟學系的負責人，並且是每年舉辦的華沙國際經濟會議的組織者。

S. Tolga Er 是漢堡大學與博洛尼亞大學及鹿特丹伊拉斯謨斯大學合作的「歐洲法律與經濟博士學位」聯合項目的博士候選人。他在歐亞商業與經濟學會（EBES）擔任IT和商業發展職位。他擁有土耳其馬爾馬拉大學的碩士和學士學位，主修經濟學。他目前的研究興趣包括健康經濟學、法律與經濟學，以及憲法政治經濟學。