信息技術（財經商貿類）

第 1 章 雲計算 ··················································································································1
1.1 雲計算概述 ··········································································································2
1.1.1 雲計算的產生與發展 ·························································································2
1.1.2 雲計算的內涵與特性 ·························································································4
1.1.3 雲計算的發展目標、任務與價值 ··········································································5
1.2 雲計算系統的架構 ································································································6
1.2.1 雲計算系統架構的參考模型 ················································································6
1.2.2 雲計算系統的業務模型 ······················································································7
1.2.3 雲計算系統的部署模型 ······················································································8
1.3 雲計算系統的使能技術 ·························································································9
1.3.1 分布式技術 ·····································································································9
1.3.2 虛擬化技術 ··································································································.10
1.3.3 雲平臺技術 ··································································································.11
1.4 雲計算系統的管理與服務 ··················································································.12
1.4.1 雲計算系統的硬件管理 ···················································································.12
1.4.2 雲計算系統的軟件研發管理 ·············································································.13
1.4.3 售後服務體系 ·······························································································.14
1.4.4 雲計算系統的運維 ·························································································.16
第 2 章 大數據 ···············································································································.17
2.1 大數據概述 ·······································································································.18
2.1.1 大數據的內涵和外延 ······················································································.18
2.1.2 大數據技術的影響和科學意義 ··········································································.19
2.2 數據采集與治理 ································································································.20
2.2.1 大數據的來源與多源數據采集方式 ····································································.20
2.2.2 大數據治理與 Hadoop 解決方案 ········································································.21
2.3 數據存儲與管理 ································································································.23
2.3.1 分布式文件系統 ····························································································.23
2.3.2 關系數據庫 ··································································································.25
2.3.3 NoSQL 數據庫 ······························································································.26
2.3.4 多模態數據管理 ····························································································.27
2.4 大數據處理平臺 ································································································.28
2.4.1 批處理計算 ··································································································.28
2.4.2 流計算 ········································································································.30
2.4.3 圖計算 ········································································································.34
2.5 數據分析計算 ····································································································.35
2.5.1 查詢分析概述 ·······························································································.35
2.5.2 Dremel 技術 ·································································································.36
2.6 數據可視化 ·······································································································.37
2.6.1 數據可視化的主要技術 ···················································································.37
2.6.2 數據可視化案例 ····························································································.37
2.6.3 可視化工具和軟件 ·························································································.39
2.7 數據安全與隱私保護 ·························································································.40
2.7.1 數據安全與傳統信息安全的關系 ·······································································.40
2.7.2 數據安全及隱私保護支撐技術 ··········································································.40
2.8 社會網絡大數據 ································································································.41
2.8.1 社會網絡大數據面臨的挑戰 ·············································································.41
2.8.2 社會網絡中的用戶影響力 ················································································.42
2.9 大數據的應用 ····································································································.42
2.9.1 智慧城市大數據 ····························································································.42
2.9.2 大數據產業 ··································································································.43
2.9.3 教育大數據 ··································································································.43
第 3 章 人工智能 ············································································································.45
3.1 人工智能概述 ····································································································.46
3.1.1 人工智能的基本概念 ······················································································.46
3.1.2 人工智能的發展歷程 ······················································································.46
3.2 知識圖譜 ···········································································································.47
3.2.1 知識圖譜的發展歷程 ······················································································.48
3.2.2 知識圖譜的應用 ····························································································.48
3.3 搜索引擎 ···········································································································.49
3.3.1 搜索引擎的分類 ····························································································.49
3.3.2 搜索引擎的發展歷程 ······················································································.50
3.4 群體智能優化算法 ·····························································································.51
3.5 機器學習 ···········································································································.51
3.5.1 機器學習的發展歷程 ······················································································.51
3.5.2 監督學習 ·····································································································.52
3.5.3 無監督學習 ··································································································.52
3.5.4 弱監督學習 ··································································································.53
3.6 神經網絡與深度學習 ·························································································.53
3.6.1 神經網絡的發展歷史 ······················································································.53
3.6.2 神經元與神經網絡 ·························································································.54
3.6.3 BP 神經網絡 ································································································.55
3.6.4 卷積神經網絡 ·······························································································.55
3.6.5 生成對抗網絡 ·······························································································.56
3.7 計算機視覺 ·······································································································.57
3.7.1 圖像基礎 ·····································································································.57
3.7.2 常用的計算機視覺模型 ···················································································.59
3.7.3 人臉識別技術 ·······························································································.61
3.8 自然語言處理 ····································································································.62
3.8.1 機器翻譯 ·····································································································.62
3.8.2 自然語言人機交互 ·························································································.63
3.8.3 智能問答 ·····································································································.63
3.9 語音處理 ···········································································································.64
3.9.1 語音識別 ·····································································································.64
3.9.2 語音合成 ·····································································································.65
3.9.3 語音增強 ·····································································································.65
3.9.4 語音轉換 ·····································································································.65
3.9.5 語音情感 ·····································································································.66
3.10 多智能體系統 ··································································································.66
3.11 智能機器人 ······································································································.66
第 4 章 現代通信技術 ·····································································································.68
4.1 通信概述 ···········································································································.69
4.1.1 通信的基本概念 ····························································································.70
4.1.2 通信技術的發展歷程 ······················································································.71
4.2 信 息 傳 輸 ······································································································.76
4.2.1 信息的信號表示 ····························································································.76
4.2.2 通信系統基本模型 ·························································································.77
4.2.3 模擬調制與解調 ····························································································.79
4.2.4 數字調制與解調 ····························································································.79
4.2.5 信源編碼與解碼 ····························································································.79
4.2.6 信道編碼與解碼 ····························································································.79
4.3 通信網絡與協議 ································································································.80
4.3.1 從簡單通信到通信網絡 ···················································································.80
4.3.2 接入網技術與應用 ·························································································.82
4.3.3 通信協議和標準制定機構 ················································································.83
4.4 固定電話通信 ····································································································.84
4.4.1 固定電話通信過程 ·························································································.84
4.4.2 固定電話業務 ·······························································································.85
4.4.3 固定電話網的發展與演變 ················································································.86
4.5 數據通信 ···········································································································.88
4.5.1 數據通信的概念 ····························································································.88
4.5.2 數據交換 ·····································································································.89
4.5.3 數據通信網 ··································································································.89
4.5.4 數據通信與互聯網的發展 ················································································.90
4.5.5 IP 地址 ·······································································································.91
4.6 移動通信 ···········································································································.94
4.6.1 移動通信的概念與特點 ···················································································.94
4.6.2 多址技術 ·····································································································.95
4.6.3 移動通信網絡架構的演進 ················································································.96
4.6.4 移動通信業務 ·······························································································.97
4.6.5 移動終端的發展變遷 ······················································································.98
4.6.6 5G 賦能行業應用 ··························································································.98
4.7 光纖通信 ···········································································································.99
4.7.1 光纖通信系統 ·······························································································.99
4.7.2 光纖通信與傳輸承載網 ···················································································100
4.7.3 光傳輸技術的發展 ·························································································102
4.8 微波通信和衛星通信 ·························································································103
4.8.1 微波通信 ·····································································································103
4.8.2 衛星通信 ·····································································································105
4.8.3 微波通信和衛星通信的應用 ·············································································105
4.9 量子通信 ···········································································································106
4.9.1 量子通信概述 ·······························································································106
4.9.2 量子通信網絡 ·······························································································107
4.10 通信網絡安全 ··································································································108
4.10.1 網絡安全技術的發展 ····················································································108
4.10.2 通信網絡安全體系的結構 ··············································································109
4.10.3 基本的安全威脅 ··························································································109
4.10.4 常用的網絡安全技術 ···················································································.110
第 5 章 物聯網 ··············································································································.113
5.1 物聯網的概念與關鍵技術 ·················································································.114
5.1.1 物聯網的概念與特征 ·····················································································.114
5.1.2 物聯網的基本架構及核心技術 ·········································································.115
5.2 自動識別技術 ···································································································.117
5.2.1 常見的自動識別技術 ·····················································································.118
5.2.2 射頻識別 ····································································································.118
5.3 物聯網定位技術 ································································································120
5.3.1 室外定位技術 ·······························································································120
5.3.3 室內定位技術 ·······························································································123
5.4 傳感器與無線傳感器網絡技術 ···········································································124
5.4.1 傳感器的分類與特點 ······················································································124
5.4.2 無線傳感器網絡 ····························································································126
5.4.3 數據融合 ·····································································································128
5.5 物聯網的應用與發展 ·························································································129
5.5.1 物聯網與其他新技術的融合發展 ·······································································129
5.5.2 物聯網的典型應用場景 ···················································································130
5.5.3 物聯網發展中的安全挑戰與對策 ·······································································131
5.5.4 我國物聯網的發展前景 ···················································································131
第 6 章 工業互聯網 ········································································································133
6.1 工業互聯網概述 ································································································134
6.1.1 工業互聯網的產生背景和概念 ··········································································134
6.1.2 工業互聯網的價值和影響 ················································································135
6.2 工業互聯網的行業應用 ······················································································136
6.2.1 工業互聯網的典型應用模式 ·············································································136
6.2.2 工業互聯網的行業應用 ···················································································138
6.3 工業互聯網的發展與未來 ··················································································140
6.3.1 創新與發展 ··································································································140
6.3.2 工業互聯網與現代制造業的未來 ·······································································141
第 7 章 區塊鏈 ···············································································································142
7.1 區塊鏈概述 ·······································································································143
7.1.1 區塊鏈的特點 ·······························································································143
7.1.2 區塊鏈的主要技術類型及應用 ··········································································144
7.1.3 區塊鏈的體系結構 ·························································································145
7.2 典型區塊鏈平臺 ································································································147
7.2.1 比特幣 ········································································································147
7.2.2 以太坊 ········································································································147
7.2.3 超級賬本 ·····································································································148
7.3 區塊鏈與社會治理 ·····························································································149
7.3.1 區塊鏈提升社會治理能力 ················································································149
7.3.2 社會治理能力提升應用場景 ·············································································150
7.4 區塊鏈與法律 ····································································································152
7.5 區塊鏈與金融 ····································································································154
7.5.1 區塊鏈在銀行業的應用 ···················································································154
7.5.2 區塊鏈助力構建新型金融基礎設施 ····································································155
7.5.3 區塊鏈在支付行業的探索和應用 ·······································································156
7.5.4 區塊鏈在保險行業的探索和應用 ·······································································156
7.6 發展展望 ···········································································································157
第 8 章 智能制造 ············································································································158
8.1 智能制造概述 ····································································································159
8.2 智能制造的內涵與構成要素 ···············································································160
8.2.1 智能制造的內涵 ····························································································160
8.2.2 智能制造的構成要素 ······················································································160
8.3 智能制造的架構模型 ·························································································161