微機原理及應用（第2版）

目 錄
第1 章 微機基礎知識 ···································································································.1
1.1 計算機的發展 ······································································································.1
1.1.1 計算機的誕生 ····························································································.1
1.1.2 微處理器的發展歷程 ···················································································.2
1.1.3 未來微處理器的發展方向 ·············································································.5
1.2 計算機中數的表示方法 ··························································································.5
1.2.1 數制 ········································································································.5
1.2.2 無符號數的表示及運算 ················································································.6
1.2.3 數制的轉換 ·······························································································.6
1.2.4 帶符號數的表示及運算 ················································································.8
1.2.5 計算機中數的定點表示法和浮點表示法 ·························································.10
1.2.6 計算機中的編碼 ·······················································································.11
1.3 微機系統的組成及分類 ························································································.12
1.3.1 微機系統的組成 ·······················································································.12
1.3.2 微機分類 ································································································.14
1.3.3 早期個人計算機的配置及主板 ·····································································.14
1.4 微機系統采用的先進技術 ·····················································································.18
1.4.1 流水線技術 ·····························································································.18
1.4.2 高速緩沖存儲器技術 ·················································································.19
1.4.3 虛擬存儲器技術 ·······················································································.20
1.4.4 精簡指令集計算技術 ·················································································.21
1.4.5 超線程技術 ·····························································································.21
1.4.6 多核技術 ································································································.21
思考與練習 ··············································································································.22
第2 章 Intel 80x86 系列微處理器及其系統 ·································································.23
2.1 Intel 8086/8088 微處理器 ······················································································.23
2.1.1 Intel 8086 微處理器的邏輯結構 ····································································.23
2.1.2 Intel 8086/8088 的內部寄存器 ······································································.26
2.1.3 Intel 8086/8088 的引腳信號 ·········································································.30
2.1.4 Intel 8086/8088 的工作模式 ·········································································.34
2.1.5 Intel 8086/8088 總線操作時序 ······································································.38
2.2 Intel 80386 微處理器 ···························································································.45
2.2.1 Intel 80386 的內部結構 ···············································································.45
2.2.2 Intel 80386 的寄存器 ··················································································.46
2.2.3 Intel 80386 的工作模式 ···············································································.48
2.2.4 Intel 80386 的存儲器管理 ············································································.49
2.3 高性能微處理器 ·································································································.52
2.3.1 Pentium 系列微處理器 ···············································································.52
2.3.2 Pentium 系列微處理器的技術特點 ································································.53
2.3.3 Pentium 系列微處理器的發展 ······································································.54
2.3.4 多核微處理器 ··························································································.55
習題與思考題 ···········································································································.56
第3 章 微機指令系統 ·································································································.58
3.1 微機指令與指令格式 ···························································································.58
3.2 尋址方式 ··········································································································.59
3.3 Intel 8086/8088 指令系統 ······················································································.65
3.3.1 數據傳輸指令 ··························································································.66
3.3.2 算術運算指令 ··························································································.75
3.3.3 邏輯運算/移位指令 ···················································································.85
3.3.4 串操作指令 ·····························································································.90
3.3.5 控制轉移指令 ··························································································.94
3.3.6 微處理器控制指令 ····················································································.99
思考與練習 ·············································································································.101
第4 章 匯編語言及其程序設計 ··················································································.103
4.1 匯編語言概述 ···································································································.103
4.2 匯編語言源程序的結構及組成 ··············································································.104
4.2.1 匯編語言源程序的基本結構 ·······································································.104
4.2.2 匯編語言語句的類型和組成 ·······································································.105
4.3 偽指令 ············································································································.109
4.3.1 處理器方式偽指令 ···················································································.110
4.3.2 數據定義偽指令 ······················································································.110
4.3.3 符號定義偽指令 ······················································································.111
4.3.4 段定義偽指令 ·························································································.112
4.3.5 過程定義偽指令 ······················································································.114
4.3.6 模塊定義和結束偽指令 ·············································································.114
4.3.7 宏定義偽指令 ·························································································.115
4.3.8 模塊連接偽指令 ······················································································.116
4.4 匯編程序的功能及源程序的編輯、匯編和連接過程 ···················································.116
4.4.1 匯編程序的功能 ······················································································.116
4.4.2 源程序的編輯、匯編和連接過程 ·································································.117
4.5 匯編程序設計方法及應用 ····················································································.120
4.5.1 概述 ·····································································································.120
4.5.2 順序結構程序設計 ···················································································.120
4.5.3 分支程序設計 ·························································································.121
4.5.4 循環結構設計 ·························································································.122
4.5.5 子程序設計 ····························································································.125
4.5.6 宏定義及其應用 ······················································································.128
4.5.7 系統功能調用 ·························································································.129
4.6 匯編語言程序與C/C++語言程序的接口 ··································································.139
思考與練習 ·············································································································.141
第5 章 存儲器 ··········································································································.143
5.1 概述 ···············································································································.143
5.1.1 存儲器的分類 ·························································································.143
5.1.2 存儲器的主要技術指標 ·············································································.146
5.2 隨機存取存儲器 ································································································.147
5.2.1 存儲系統結構 ·························································································.148
5.2.2 靜態隨機存取存儲器 ················································································.150
5.2.3 動態隨機存取存儲器 ················································································.153
5.3 只讀存儲器 ······································································································.159
5.3.1 掩模式只讀存儲器 ···················································································.159
5.3.2 可編程只讀存儲器 ···················································································.160
5.3.3 可擦除、可再編程只讀存儲器 ····································································.161
5.3.4 閃存 ·····································································································.165
5.4 存儲器與微機系統的連接 ····················································································.166
5.4.1 存儲器的擴展 ·························································································.166
5.4.2 存儲器與微機系統連接時的註意事項 ···························································.169
5.4.3 片選信號的產生方法和譯碼電路 ·································································.170
5.4.4 存儲器的連接應用舉例 ·············································································.174
5.5 存儲器的分級體系 ·····························································································.179
5.5.1 存儲器的層次結構 ···················································································.179
5.5.2 高速緩沖存儲器（Cache） ·········································································.180
思考與練習 ·············································································································.184
第6 章 接口技術 ·······································································································.185
6.1 概述 ···············································································································.185
6.1.1 I/O 接口 ·································································································.185
6.1.2 I/O 接口的類型 ·······················································································.187
6.1.3 輸入輸出端口的編址方式 ··········································································.188
6.2 CPU 與外設之間的數據傳輸方式 ··········································································.188
6.2.1 無條件傳輸方式 ······················································································.188
6.2.2 查詢傳輸方式 ·························································································.189
6.2.3 中斷傳輸方式 ·························································································.189
6.2.4 直接存儲器存取傳輸方式 ··········································································.189
6.3 微機中的系統總線 ·····························································································.191
6.3.1 總線定義 ·······························································································.191
6.3.2 總線分類 ·······························································································.191
6.3.3 時鐘周期、總線周期和指令周期 ·································································.191
6.3.4 總線的操作過程 ······················································································.192
6.3.5 系統總線標準 ·························································································.193
6.4 DMA 控制器 ····································································································.196
6.4.1 DMA 控制器的工作原理 ···········································································.196
6.4.2 Intel 8237A 的內部結構和引腳功能 ······························································.198
6.4.3 Intel 8237A 的工作方式和傳輸類型 ······························································.203
6.4.4 Intel 8237A 的初始化編程及應用 ·································································.204
思考與練習 ·············································································································.206
第7 章 中斷系統 ·······································································································.207
7.1 中斷的基本概念 ································································································.207
7.1.1 中斷、中斷源及中斷系統 ··········································································.207
7.1.2 中斷處理過程 ·························································································.208
7.1.3 中斷嵌套 ·······························································································.210
7.2 Intel 80x86 系列微機的中斷系統 ···········································································.210
7.2.1 外部中斷 ·······························································································.211
7.2.2 內部中斷 ·······························································································.212
7.2.3 中斷向量和中斷向量表 ·············································································.213
7.2.4 Intel 80x86 系列微機的中斷響應過程 ····························································.214
7.3 可編程的中斷控制器Intel 8259A ···········································································.217
7.3.1 Intel 8259A 的功能 ···················································································.217
7.3.2 Intel 8259A 的內部結構和引腳 ····································································.217
7.3.3 Intel 8259A 的引腳功能 ·············································································.219
7.3.4 Intel 8259A 的工作方式 ·············································································.220
7.3.5 Intel 8259A 的級聯 ···················································································.221
7.3.6 Intel 8259A 的編程 ···················································································.222
7.3.7 Intel 8259A 在微機中的應用例子 ·································································.227
思考與練習 ·············································································································.230
第8 章 常用可編程接口技術及應用 ···········································································.232
8.1 可編程計數器Intel 8253 ······················································································.232
8.1.1 Intel 8253 的主要功能、內部結構和引腳 ·······················································.232
8.1.2 Intel 8253 的控制字 ··················································································.234
8.1.3 Intel 8253 的工作方式與工作時序 ································································.236
8.1.4 Intel 8253 的初始化編程及應用 ···································································.241
8.2 可編程並行通信接口芯片Intel 8255A ·····································································.243
8.2.1 Intel 8255A 的內部結構與引腳功能 ······························································.243
8.2.2 Intel 8255A 的控制字 ················································································.246
8.2.3 Intel 8255A 的工作方式 ·············································································.246
8.2.4 Intel 8255A 的應用——鍵盤設計 ·································································.249
8.3 可編程串行通信接口芯片Intel 8251A ·····································································.252
8.3.1 串行通信的基本概念 ················································································.252
8.3.2 Intel 8251A 的功能及內部結構 ····································································.256
8.3.3 Intel 8251A 的控制命令 ·············································································.260
8.3.4 Intel 8251A 的初始化與應用 ·······································································.262
思考與練習 ·············································································································.265
第9 章 模數和數模轉換通道 ·····················································································.267
9.1 微機系統的模數和數模轉換通道 ···········································································.267
9.1.1 模擬量輸入通道的組成 ·············································································.268
9.1.2 模擬量輸出通道的組成 ·············································································.268
9.2 A/D 轉換器及其接口 ··························································································.269
9.2.1 A/D 轉換器的工作過程和類型 ····································································.269
9.2.2 A/D 轉換器的工作原理 ·············································································.270
9.2.3 典型A/D 轉換器 ······················································································.272
9.3 D/A 轉換器及其應用 ··························································································.276
9.3.1 D/A 轉換器的主要性能參數 ·······································································.276
9.3.2 D/A 轉換器的輸入輸出特性 ·······································································.276
9.3.3 D/A 轉換器的工作原理 ·············································································.276
9.3.4 典型D/A 轉換器 ······················································································.279
思考與練習 ·············································································································.283
附錄A ASCII 字符集 ································································································.284
附錄B Intel 8086/8088 指令系統一覽表 ·····································································.286
附錄C 通用匯編程序偽指令 ·····················································································.291
附錄D 常用DOS 功能調用（INT 21H） ··································································.293
附錄E 常用ROM-BIOS 功能調用指令 ·····································································.297
附錄F 匯編程序的開發過程 ······················································································.301
參考文獻 ·····················································································································.308