光電成像與探測

第 1 章 緒論 ··································································································································.1
1.1 光電成像的內涵 ···············································································································.1
1.2 光電成像技術的發展歷史 ·······························································································.2
1.3 光電成像技術的應用領域 ·······························································································.3
1.4 光電成像與探測典型應用 ·······························································································.6
1.4.1 彈道導彈預警系統 ·······························································································.6
1.4.2 機載紅外搜索跟蹤系統 ·······················································································.8
習題 ··········································································································································.9
第 2 章 光學成像基礎 ················································································································.10
2.1 光學成像信號分析基礎 ··································································································.10
2.1.1 二維線性系統 ·····································································································.10
2.1.2 二維傅裏葉變換 ·································································································.11
2.1.3 二維線性空間不變系統 ·····················································································.16
2.1.4 二維抽樣理論 ·····································································································.17
2.2 透鏡的傅裏葉變換性質 ·································································································.20
2.2.1 薄透鏡的位相調制作用 ·····················································································.20
2.2.2 透鏡的傅裏葉變換性質 ·····················································································.23
2.2.3 透鏡孔徑的影響 ·································································································.26
2.3 光學成像系統的一般分析 ·····························································································.27
2.3.1 光學成像系統的普遍模型 ··················································································.27
2.3.2 衍射受限系統的點擴展函數 ··············································································.28
2.3.3 像質評價 ·············································································································.30
習題 ········································································································································.31
參考文獻 ································································································································.31
第 3 章 紅外物理基礎 ················································································································.32
3.1 電磁波譜 ························································································································.32
3.2 紅外輻射的基本概念 ·····································································································.33
3.2.1 紅外輻射及譜段劃分 ·························································································.33
3.2.2 輻射源及其輻射量描述 ·····················································································.34
3.3 相關物理量及熱輻射基本定律 ·····················································································.36
3.3.1 輻射照度 ·············································································································.36
3.3.2 黑體及其輻射 ·····································································································.38
3.3.3 基爾霍夫定律 ·····································································································.39
3.3.4 普朗克定律 ·········································································································.40
3.3.5 玻爾茲曼定律 ·····································································································.41
習題 ········································································································································.41
第 4 章 目標與環境特性 ·············································································································.42
4.1 概述 ································································································································.42
4.2 彈道導彈的目標特性 ·····································································································.42
4.2.1 彈道導彈主動段運動特性 ··················································································.43
4.2.2 彈道導彈主動段尾焰輻射特性 ··········································································.48
4.2.3 彈道導彈中段運動特性 ·····················································································.53
4.2.4 彈道導彈中段紅外輻射特性 ··············································································.56
4.3 臨近空間飛行器的目標特性 ·························································································.59
4.3.1 目標幾何與運動特性 ·························································································.59
4.3.2 目標紅外輻射特性 ·····························································································.60
4.4 空中飛機的目標特性 ·····································································································.62
4.4.1 目標幾何特性 ·····································································································.62
4.4.2 紅外輻射特性 ·····································································································.63
4.5 背景環境的輻射特性 ·····································································································.65
4.5.1 太陽輻射特性 ·····································································································.65
4.5.2 地物輻射特性 ·····································································································.66
4.5.3 天空背景與雲層輻射特性 ··················································································.67
4.5.4 深空背景和天體輻射特性 ··················································································.69
4.6 地球大氣的傳輸特性 ·····································································································.70
4.6.1 大氣的分層 ·········································································································.70
4.6.2 大氣的成分 ·········································································································.71
4.6.3 大氣傳輸效應 ·····································································································.72
4.6.4 大氣吸收 ·············································································································.72
4.6.5 大氣散射 ·············································································································.73
4.6.6 大氣傳輸特性計算 ·····························································································.74
4.7 導彈預警探測波段選擇 ·································································································.76
4.7.1 主動段紅外探測波段選擇 ··················································································.76
4.7.2 中段紅外探測波段選擇 ·····················································································.77
習題 ········································································································································.78
參考文獻 ································································································································.78
第 5 章 光電成像系統 ················································································································.79
5.1 概述 ································································································································.79
5.2 紅外光電成像系統 ·········································································································.79
5.2.1 紅外光電成像系統的組成 ··················································································.79
5.2.2 紅外光電成像的基本過程 ··················································································.80
5.2.3 光學系統結構 ·····································································································.82
5.2.4 掃描系統 ·············································································································.92
5.2.5 空間紅外雜散輻射抑制 ·····················································································.96
5.2.6 紅外探測器 ·········································································································.97
5.2.7 紅外光電成像系統的制冷 ················································································.105
5.3 光電成像系統的基本性能 ···························································································.108
5.3.1 空間分辨率 ·······································································································.108
5.3.2 覆蓋視場 ···········································································································.108
5.3.3 系統靈敏度 ·······································································································.109
5.3.4 探測距離 ···········································································································.110
習題 ······································································································································.111
第 6 章 輻射測量與幾何測量 ···································································································.112
6.1 輻射測量與幾何測量的概念 ·······················································································.112
6.1.1 輻射測量概念 ···································································································.112
6.1.2 幾何測量概念 ···································································································.113
6.2 輻射測量原理與方法 ···································································································.114
6.2.1 光電成像輻射響應模型 ···················································································.114
6.2.2 輻射參數定標方法 ···························································································.116
6.2.3 輻射定標源 ·······································································································.117
6.2.4 探測器非均勻校正 ···························································································.119
6.2.5 盲元的判斷與處理 ···························································································.125
6.3 相機幾何標定 ··············································································································.130
6.3.1 相機成像模型 ···································································································.131
6.3.2 張正友相機標定法 ···························································································.141
6.4 天基成像條件下的視線確定 ·······················································································.148
6.4.1 天基光學傳感器成像幾何模型與誤差來源 ····················································.148
6.4.2 視線誤差參數估計原理與方法 ········································································.158
習題 ······································································································································.160
參考文獻 ······························································································································.160
第 7 章 目標檢測技術 ··············································································································.161
7.1 光電成像與探測信號特性 ···························································································.161
7.1.1 目標信號特性 ···································································································.161
7.1.2 背景信號分析 ···································································································.164
7.1.3 圖像信噪比 ·······································································································.165
7.2 點目標檢測基本過程 ···································································································.167
7.2.1 先檢測後跟蹤技術 ···························································································.167
7.2.2 先跟蹤後檢測技術 ···························································································.168
7.3 紅外圖像背景抑制技術 ·······························································································.170
7.3.1 空域背景抑制方法 ···························································································.170
7.3.2 時域背景抑制原理 ···························································································.174
7.4 門限分割與性能統計 ···································································································.176
7.4.1 恒虛警檢測 ·······································································································.176
7.4.2 基於恒虛警的門限分割 ···················································································.176
7.4.3 檢測性能統計分析 ···························································································.179
習題 ······································································································································.181
第 8 章 目標定位與跟蹤技術 ···································································································.182
8.1 目標定位原理與方法 ···································································································.182
8.1.1 傳感器觀測模型 ·······························································································.183
8.1.2 目標定位基本原理 ···························································································.185
8.1.3 定位誤差的描述與分析 ···················································································.191
8.2 運動目標跟蹤技術 ·······································································································.195
8.2.1 目標跟蹤的基本概念 ·······················································································.196
8.2.2 航跡起始 ···········································································································.197
8.2.3 數據關聯 ···········································································································.197
8.2.4 跟蹤濾波 ···········································································································.198
8.2.5 跟蹤終結 ···········································································································.202
8.3 光電成像與探測系統中的目標跟蹤示例 ····································································.203
習題 ······································································································································.204
參考文獻 ······························································································································.204