計算機網絡原理與技術（第4版）

第 1 章 緒論····································································································1
1.1 計算機網絡的誕生與發展········································································1
1.1.1 計算機網絡的誕生·········································································1
1.1.2 計算機網絡的發展·········································································2
1.2 計算機網絡的基本概念········································································.11
1.2.1 計算機網絡的定義······································································.11
1.2.2 計算機網絡的主要功能 ·······························································.13
1.2.3 計算機網絡的分類······································································.14
1.3 計算機網絡的組成··············································································.17
1.3.1 計算機網絡的組成結構 ·······························································.18
1.3.2 計算機網絡的拓撲結構 ·······························································.19
1.3.3 計算機網絡系統的組成 ·······························································.21
1.4 計算機網絡的體系結構········································································.25
1.4.1 網絡體系結構的分層 ··································································.25
1.4.2 ISO/OSI 參考模型 ······································································.27
1.4.3 TCP/IP 模型··············································································.33
1.4.4 基於 OSI 的實用參考模型 ····························································.36
1.4.5 計算機網絡標準及 RFC 文檔 ························································.38
1.5 計算機網絡的基本理論問題··································································.39
本章小結·································································································.40
思考與練習······························································································.41
拓展閱讀·································································································.41
第 2 章 物理層通信························································································.42
2.1 物理層的基本概念和協議標準·······························································.42
2.1.1 物理層接口的四種特性 ·······························································.42
2.1.2 物理層接口標準示例 ··································································.44
2.2 數據通信的理論基礎···········································································.47
2.2.1 數據通信系統············································································.47
2.2.2 數據通信的常用術語 ··································································.48
2.2.3 數據通信網絡的性能指標 ····························································.50
2.2.4 數據傳輸質量參數······································································.52
2.3 數據編碼技術····················································································.54
2.3.1 模擬信號傳輸模擬數據·································································54
2.3.2 模擬信號傳輸數字數據·································································55
2.3.3 數字信號傳輸數字數據·································································56
2.3.4 數字信號傳輸模擬數據·································································59
2.4 數據傳輸方式 ····················································································.60
2.4.1 數據通信方式·············································································60
2.4.2 數據同步方式·············································································62
2.5 傳輸介質 ··························································································.63
2.5.1 導向傳輸介質·············································································63
2.5.2 非導向傳輸介質··········································································65
2.6 多路復用技術 ····················································································.68
2.6.1 頻分多路復用·············································································69
2.6.2 時分多路復用·············································································70
2.6.3 波分多路復用·············································································72
2.7 數據交換技術 ····················································································.73
2.7.1 電路交換···················································································73
2.7.2 存儲轉發交換·············································································74
2.7.3 光交換······················································································77
本章小結 ·································································································.79
思考與練習 ······························································································.80
拓展閱讀 ·································································································.81
第 3 章 數據鏈路控制 ·····················································································.82
3.1 數據鏈路層的基本概念 ········································································.82
3.1.1 數據鏈路層的功能·······································································82
3.1.2 數據鏈路層提供的服務·································································83
3.2 幀與幀同步技術 ·················································································.84
3.2.1 幀的基本格式·············································································84
3.2.2 幀同步方法················································································85
3.3 差錯檢測和糾錯技術 ···········································································.87
3.3.1 奇偶校驗···················································································87
3.3.2 循環冗余校驗·············································································88
3.3.3 校驗和······················································································90
3.4 數據鏈路控制機制 ··············································································.91
3.4.1 滑動窗口機制·············································································91
3.4.2 停止等待式 ARQ 協議 ··································································93
3.4.3 後退 N 幀式 ARQ 協議 ·································································98
3.4.4 選擇重傳式 ARQ 協議 ··································································99
3.5 數據鏈路協議····················································································101
3.5.1 點到點協議···············································································101
3.5.2 數據鏈路協議實例······································································104
本章小結·································································································107
思考與練習······························································································108
拓展閱讀·································································································108
第 4 章 局域網······························································································109
4.1 局域網概述·······················································································109
4.1.1 局域網的基本概念······································································109
4.1.2 IEEE 802 局域網標準系列····························································111
4.1.3 IEEE 802 局域網的體系結構·························································112
4.2 以太網工作原理················································································.116
4.2.1 IEEE 802.3 的幀格式···································································116
4.2.2 以太網介質訪問控制（MAC）方法················································117
4.3 高速以太網技術·················································································121
4.3.1 快速以太網···············································································121
4.3.2 千兆以太網···············································································124
4.3.3 萬兆以太網···············································································128
4.4 交換機及其配置·················································································133
4.4.1 以太網交換機············································································133
4.4.2 交換機的基本配置······································································136
4.4.3 交換機的端口配置······································································139
4.5 虛擬局域網（VLAN） ········································································142
4.5.1 VLAN 的基本概念 ·····································································142
4.5.2 VLAN 技術原理 ········································································143
4.5.3 VLAN 的實現 ···········································································146
4.5.4 交換機的 VLAN 配置··································································147
4.6 無線局域網（WLAN）········································································150
4.6.1 WLAN 組成結構········································································150
4.6.2 WLAN 幀結構···········································································151
4.6.3 IEEE 802.11 MAC 協議································································153
4.6.4 無線個域網···············································································155
本章小結·································································································157
思考與練習······························································································158
拓展閱讀·································································································158
第 5 章 網絡互連及其協議···············································································159
5.1 網絡互連概述····················································································159
5.1.1 何謂網絡互連··········································································.159
5.1.2 網絡互連的類型及層次······························································.162
5.1.3 網絡層服務模型·······································································.163
5.2 第 4 版互聯網協議（IPv4） ································································.165
5.2.1 IPv4 數據報格式 ······································································.165
5.2.2 IPv4 地址················································································.170
5.2.3 IP 子網劃分·············································································.173
5.2.4 無類別域間路由·······································································.177
5.2.5 地址解析················································································.179
5.3 差錯報告和控制機制 ·········································································.182
5.3.1 ICMP 報文格式········································································.182
5.3.2 ICMP 差錯報告報文··································································.183
5.3.3 ICMP 查詢報文········································································.185
5.4 IP 數據報轉發··················································································.187
5.4.1 IP 數據報轉發處理過程 ·····························································.187
5.4.2 IP 路由表················································································.188
5.4.3 IP 數據報轉發算法 ···································································.190
5.5 IP 組播和 IGMP················································································.195
5.5.1 IP 組播···················································································.195
5.5.2 互聯網組管理協議（IGMP） ······················································.197
5.6 第 6 版互聯網協議（IPv6） ································································.200
5.6.1 IPv6 編址················································································.200
5.6.2 IPv6 數據報格式 ······································································.205
5.7 網絡地址轉換（NAT） ······································································.208
5.7.1 基本網絡地址轉換（Basic NAT）·················································.208
5.7.2 網絡地址端口轉換（NAPT）······················································.209
本章小結 ·······························································································.209
思考與練習 ····························································································.210
拓展閱讀 ·······························································································.212
第 6 章 路由技術 ·························································································.213
6.1 路由的基本概念 ···············································································.213
6.1.1 何謂路由················································································.213
6.1.2 路由選擇算法··········································································.216
6.2 路由信息協議（RIP） ·······································································.221
6.3 開放最短路徑優先（OSPF）協議·························································.223
6.4 邊界網關協議（BGP） ······································································.227
6.5 路由器及其配置 ···············································································.231
6.5.1 路由器的工作原理及構成 ····························································231
6.5.2 路由器的配置環境······································································234
6.5.3 路由器的基本配置······································································239
6.5.4 動態路由協議配置······································································244
6.6 路由優化··························································································249
6.6.1 路由重分發···············································································250
6.6.2 路由過濾··················································································254
6.6.3 策略路由··················································································257
6.7 多協議標簽交換（MPLS）···································································261
6.7.1 MPLS 的基本概念······································································261
6.7.2 MPLS 的工作原理······································································262
本章小結·································································································263
思考與練習······························································································264
拓展閱讀·································································································265
第 7 章 網絡傳輸服務·····················································································266
7.1 傳輸層概述·······················································································266
7.1.1 傳輸層的位置············································································266
7.1.2 傳輸層的基本功能······································································266
7.1.3 傳輸層提供的服務······································································268
7.2 進程間通信·······················································································271
7.2.1 端口及其作用············································································272
7.2.2 傳輸層的復用與解復用 ·······························································275
7.3 傳輸控制協議····················································································277
7.3.1 TCP 概述 ·················································································277
7.3.2 TCP 報文格式 ···········································································280
7.3.3 TCP 連接管理 ···········································································284
7.3.4 TCP 流量控制 ···········································································288
7.3.5 TCP 定時管理 ···········································································290
7.3.6 TCP 擁塞控制 ···········································································292
7.4 用戶數據報協議·················································································296
7.4.1 UDP 概述·················································································296
7.4.2 UDP 數據報格式········································································296
7.4.3 UDP 校驗和··············································································297
7.5 Socket API 編程 ·················································································299
7.5.1 Socket API 的基本函數及其功能 ····················································299
7.5.2 Socket API 編程示例 ·········································································301
本章小結·································································································304
思考與練習 ····························································································.305
拓展閱讀 ·······························································································.305
第 8 章 網絡應用及其協議·············································································.306
8.1 網絡應用概述 ··················································································.306
8.1.1 應用層的地位和作用·································································.306
8.1.2 網絡應用模式··········································································.307
8.1.3 應用層協議·············································································.311
8.2 Web 服務與 HTTP ·············································································.312
8.2.1 Web 服務工作原理····································································.312
8.2.2 統一資源定位器·······································································.315
8.2.3 超文本傳輸協議（HTTP） ·························································.316
8.3 文件傳輸與遠程文件訪問 ···································································.324
8.3.1 文件傳輸協議··········································································.325
8.3.2 簡單文件傳輸協議····································································.327
8.3.3 Telnet 協議··············································································.328
8.4 電子郵件及其傳輸 ············································································.329
8.4.1 電子郵件系統··········································································.329
8.4.2 電子郵件報文格式和 MIME ························································.332
8.4.3 SMTP 郵件傳輸 ·······································································.334
8.4.4 郵件讀取協議··········································································.337
8.5 域名系統 ························································································.339
8.5.1 域名的分層結構·······································································.340
8.5.2 DNS 的工作機制 ······································································.342
8.6 動態主機配置協議 ············································································.347
8.6.1 DHCP 報文格式 ·······································································.347
8.6.2 簡單網絡管理協議（SNMP）······················································.348
本章小結 ·······························································································.350
思考與練習 ····························································································.351
拓展閱讀 ·······························································································.352
第 9 章 網絡安全基礎 ···················································································.353
9.1 網絡安全概述 ··················································································.353
9.1.1 基本概念················································································.353
9.1.2 安全威脅················································································.356
9.1.3 關鍵技術················································································.357
9.1.4 安全模型················································································.358
9.2 密碼學基礎 ·····················································································.359
9.2.1 密碼學基本思想及方法······························································.359
9.2.2 密碼系統的構成·········································································361
9.2.3 現代密碼體制············································································362
9.2.4 消息認證和數字簽名 ··································································366
9.2.5 國家商用密碼算法簡介 ·······························································371
9.3 網絡安全應用····················································································372
9.3.1 IPSec 協議················································································372
9.3.2 虛擬專用網絡············································································376
9.3.3 Web 安全 ·················································································379
9.4 網絡攻擊與防禦技術···········································································383
9.4.1 網絡攻擊技術············································································383
9.4.2 網絡防禦技術············································································387
9.4.3 防火墻技術···············································································388
9.4.4 入侵檢測技術············································································394
本章小結·································································································400
思考與練習······························································································400
拓展閱讀·································································································401
第 10 章 新一代信息網絡技術 ··········································································402
10.1 信息網絡新形態 ···············································································402
10.1.1 物聯網與智能物聯網·································································402
10.1.2 雲計算與雲智算網絡·································································404
10.1.3 區塊鏈 ···················································································407
10.2 SDN/NFV························································································410
10.2.1 軟件定義網絡（SDN）······························································410
10.2.2 網絡功能虛擬化（NFV）···························································413
10.3 互聯網未來的發展 ············································································415
10.3.1 人工智能與互聯網的深度融合·····················································415
10.3.2 量子通信網絡 ··········································································417
10.3.3 下一代無線局域網和移動通信·····················································420
本章小結·································································································421
思考與練習······························································································421
拓展閱讀·································································································421
參考文獻·······································································································422