工程光學實驗教程

目 錄
第 1 章 光學實驗常用器件說明 ·······························································································1
1.1 底座類器件···················································································································1
1.1.1 磁性表座 ··········································································································1
1.1.2 帶轉接板的磁性表座·······················································································1
1.1.3 支桿底座 ··········································································································1
1.1.4 多孔固定板·······································································································1
1.2 支撐類器件···················································································································2
1.2.1 調節支座 ··········································································································2
1.2.2 支桿··················································································································2
1.2.3 螺旋高度調節架·······························································································2
1.2.4 一維精密平移臺（側推） ···············································································3
1.2.5 一維精密平移臺（正推） ···············································································3
1.2.6 二維精密平移臺·······························································································3
1.2.7 擺角器 ··············································································································3
1.2.8 手動數顯平移臺·······························································································4
1.3 夾持類器件···················································································································4
1.3.1 幹板架 ··············································································································4
1.3.2 帶膠墊的幹板架·······························································································4
1.3.3 激光管夾持器···································································································4
1.4 鏡架類器件···················································································································5
1.4.1 簡易鏡架 ··········································································································5
1.4.2 精密鏡架 ··········································································································5
1.4.3 偏心式鏡架·······································································································5
1.4.4 偏振片架 ··········································································································6
1.4.5 波片架 ··············································································································6
1.4.6 沃拉斯頓棱鏡轉接圈·······················································································6
1.5 光學元器件···················································································································7
1.5.1 平凸透鏡 ··········································································································7
1.5.2 雙凹透鏡 ··········································································································7
1.5.3 反射鏡 ··············································································································7
1.5.4 分光光楔 ··········································································································8
1.5.5 偏振片 ··············································································································8
1.5.6 波片··················································································································8
·VI·
1.5.7 中性密度濾光片·······························································································9
1.5.8 沃拉斯頓棱鏡···································································································9
1.5.9 顯微物鏡 ········································································································10
1.6 光源類器件·················································································································10
1.6.1 氦氖激光器·····································································································10
1.6.2 鈉燈················································································································11
1.6.3 溴鎢燈 ············································································································11
1.7 目標物、待測物類器件······························································································11
1.7.1 可調狹縫 ········································································································11
1.7.2 物理光學孔板·································································································11
1.7.3 物理光學縫孔板·····························································································12
1.7.4 氣室················································································································12
1.7.5 幻燈片 ············································································································13
1.7.6 菲林格標定板·································································································13
1.8 探測、接收類器件 ·····································································································13
1.8.1 白屏················································································································13
1.8.2 黑白 CMOS 相機····························································································14
1.8.3 彩色 CMOS 相機····························································································14
1.8.4 激光功率計·····································································································14
第 2 章 光學透鏡和光學反射鏡結構及參數說明 ··································································16
2.1 光學透鏡·····················································································································16
2.1.1 結構················································································································16
2.1.2 材料················································································································17
2.1.3 增透膜 ············································································································18
2.1.4 K9 平凸透鏡（單層氯化鎂增透膜） ····························································18
2.1.5 K9 雙凹透鏡（單層氯化鎂增透膜） ····························································18
2.1.6 帶框透鏡 ········································································································19
2.2 光學反射鏡·················································································································19
2.2.1 為什麼金屬膜反射鏡常帶保護膜··································································20
2.2.2 反射鏡鍍膜與溫度濕度的關系······································································20
2.2.3 激光損傷閾值·································································································20
2.2.4 保護銀反射鏡·································································································20
2.2.5 加強鋁反射鏡·································································································21
第 3 章 分光計的介紹及調節方法 ·························································································23
3.1 分光計的結構·············································································································23
3.2 分光計的調節·············································································································25
3.2.1 目鏡調焦 ········································································································25
3.2.2 調節望遠鏡對平行光聚焦 ·············································································26
·VII·
3.2.3 調整望遠鏡光軸與儀器主軸垂直··································································26
3.2.4 調節過程中遇到的問題及解決方法······························································27
第 4 章 讀數顯微鏡的介紹及使用方法··················································································30
4.1 儀器簡介·····················································································································30
4.2 儀器主要技術參數 ·····································································································31
4.3 儀器結構·····················································································································31
4.4 儀器的調整及使用方法······························································································32
4.4.1 JXD-Bb 型讀數顯微鏡的調整及使用····························································32
4.4.2 JXD-CCD 型讀數顯微鏡的調整及使用 ························································32
4.5 註意事項·····················································································································32
第 5 章 光學實驗預備知識·····································································································34
5.1 光學元件和儀器的維護······························································································34
5.2 共軸調節·····················································································································35
5.3 消視差·························································································································36
5.4 儀器使用的其他註意事項··························································································37
5.5 課程實踐學習註意事項······························································································38
5.5.1 進入實驗室進行課堂實驗的必備條件 ··························································38
5.5.2 實驗報告要求·································································································38
第 6 章 基礎光學實驗·············································································································40
實驗一 薄透鏡的焦距測量·······························································································40
項目一 自準直法測薄凸透鏡焦距··········································································41
項目二 用位移法測薄凸透鏡焦距··········································································43
項目三 凹透鏡的焦距測量 ·····················································································44
實驗二 自組投影儀··········································································································46
實驗三 自組顯微鏡··········································································································49
實驗四 自組望遠鏡··········································································································55
項目一 開普勒望遠鏡系統 ·····················································································61
項目二 伽利略望遠鏡系統 ·····················································································63
實驗五 分波面幹涉——楊氏雙縫幹涉 ···········································································65
實驗六 分振幅幹涉——牛頓環幹涉···············································································69
實驗七 光柵衍射實驗 ······································································································72
實驗八 光的偏振特性 ······································································································75
項目一 起偏、檢偏及馬呂斯定律實驗··································································75
項目二 沃拉斯頓棱鏡及偏振光檢測實驗······························································78
項目三 波片的認識、橢圓偏振光的獲取和檢測···················································80
第 7 章 綜合光學實驗·············································································································85
實驗一 光的空間相幹性 ··································································································85
實驗二 洛埃鏡幹涉··········································································································92
·VIII·
實驗三 橢偏儀測量薄膜厚度和折射率 ···········································································96
項目一 手動橢偏儀測量薄膜厚度和折射率 ··························································99
項目二 自動橢偏儀測量薄膜厚度和折射率 ························································106
實驗四 旋光儀測定溶液的濃度及旋光度 ·····································································114
實驗五 自組裝邁克耳孫幹涉儀測量空氣折射率··························································119
實驗六 單縫和圓孔的夫瑯禾費衍射·············································································123
實驗七 單色儀與光譜測量·····························································································130
實驗八 用法布裏-珀羅幹涉儀測鈉黃光波長差 ····························································143
第 8 章 設計性及研究性光學實驗 ·······················································································148
實驗一 紅外光源光譜特性、輻射強度空間分布及半值角的測量·······························148
實驗二 精密測量微小位移量·························································································150
實驗三 掠入射法測量液體的折射率·············································································152
實驗四 數碼顯微鏡、望遠鏡系統設計 ·········································································153
實驗五 利用石英玻璃棒（光纖）來測量微小溫度變化 ··············································154
實驗六 利用衍射法進行微小尺度的自動化測量··························································156
實驗七 光學元件質量的檢測·························································································157