Linux操作系統實用教程（微課視頻版）

目錄
第1 章 Linux 簡介與安裝·······················1
1.1 Linux 簡介····································1
1.1.1 Linux 的起源·······························1
1.1.2 Linux 的特點·······························2
1.1.3 Linux 的版本·······························3
1.2 硬盤分區······································4
1.2.1 MBR 分區··································4
1.2.2 GPT 分區···································6
1.2.3 文件系統····································7
1.3 在VirtualBox 中安裝RHEL/Rocky ·······································.10
1.3.1 實例——安裝VirtualBox ·············.10
1.3.2 實例——在VirtualBox 中
安裝RHEL/Rocky ·····················.10
1.4 U 盤安裝RHEL/Rocky ···············.12
1.4.1 硬盤分區示例···························.13
1.4.2 Windows 中制作安裝U 盤（Ventoy）································.13
1.4.3 使用GRUB2 制作RHEL/Rocky
的安裝U 盤·····························.14
1.5 引導工具GRUB2 的設置與應用·.15
1.5.1 GRUB2 設備與文件命名·············.15
1.5.2 GRUB2 配置文件······················.16
1.5.3 GRUB2 刪除多余引導項·············.18
1.5.4 GRUB2 命令行常用命令·············.19
1.5.5 實例——GRUB2 的應用··············.19
1.6 RHEL 的啟動流程······················.21
1.6.1 RHEL 的啟動流程——BIOS+MBR·.22
1.6.2 RHEL 的啟動流程——UEFI+GPT··.25
1.7 習題··········································.26
第2 章 Linux 用戶接口與軟件包管理··.28
2.1 實例——GNOME 及其配置工具·.28
2.1.1 安裝GNOME 經典模式桌面環境··.29
2.1.2 GNOME 和GNOME 經典模式······.29
2.1.3 GNOME 配置工具·····················.30
2.1.4 設置中文輸入法························.30
2.2 實例——Shell ····························.30
2.2.1 控制臺與終端···························.31
2.2.2 Shell 命令行·····························.31
2.2.3 歷史命令·································.32
2.2.4 命令別名·································.34
2.2.5 通配符與文件名························.34
2.2.6 輸入/輸出重定向與管道··············.35
2.2.7 Linux 快捷鍵····························.37
2.3 實例——文本編輯器··················.38
2.4 RPM··········································.40
2.4.1 RPM 簡介································.40
2.4.2 RPM 的使用·····························.41
2.4.3 實例——安裝QQ、微信、WPS、百度網盤·································.43
2.5 YUM 與DNF·····························.44
2.5.1 YUM 與DNF 簡介····················.44
2.5.2 實例——使用dnf 命令················.44
2.5.3 DNF 的配置文件·······················.45
2.5.4 實例——安裝第三方源···············.46
2.5.5 實例——創建本地倉庫···············.48
2.5.6 RHEL 內核······························.49
2.5.7 重置GRUB······························.49
2.6 習題··········································.49
第3 章 Shell 腳本編程·························.51
3.1 實例——Shell 編程基礎··············.51
3.1.1 Shell 腳本的建立和執行··············.51
3.1.2 Shell 變量································.53
3.1.3 測試命令·································.58
3.1.4 邏輯操作·································.59
3.1.5 算術運算·································.61
3.1.6 內部命令·································.62
3.2 實例——Shell 程序設計的流程控制····································.65
3.2.1 復合結構·································.65
3.2.2 條件分支·································.66
3.2.3 循環結構和退出循環··················.69
3.3 實例——Shell 腳本中的函數·······.72
3.4 實例——Shell 腳本的調試··········.75
3.4.1 調試選項·································.75
3.4.2 使用調試選項的3 種方法············.75
3.4.3 內部調試技巧···························.76
3.4.4 示例分析·································.76
3.5 習題··········································.78
第4 章 系統管理·································.79
4.1 實例——用戶管理······················.79
4.1.1 用戶管理命令···························.80
4.1.2 組管理命令······························.82
4.1.3 用戶查詢命令···························.83
4.1.4 su 和sudo 命令·························.85
4.1.5 更改root 密碼··························.87
4.2 實例——進程管理······················.88
4.2.1 監控進程·································.88
4.2.2 搜索進程·································.93
4.2.3 終止進程·································.95
4.2.4 進程優先級······························.96
4.2.5 前臺與後臺進程························.97
4.2.6 周期性/定時執行任務·················.99
4.2.7 以守護進程方式執行任務············101
4.2.8 終端復用·································102
4.3 系統和服務管理·························103
4.3.1 系統和服務管理器·····················103
4.3.2 實例——監視和控制systemd 的命令：systemctl ························104
4.3.3 實例——單元（Unit）················105
4.3.4 單元的配置文件························106
4.3.5 目標（target） ··························108
4.3.6 systemd 定時器·························108
4.3.7 開機啟動：systemd ····················109
4.3.8 開機啟動：rc.local ····················.110
4.3.9 systemd 系統管理·····················.110
4.3.10 實例——日誌管理···················.111
4.4 實例——其他系統管理··············.114
4.4.1 查詢系統信息··························.114
4.4.2 查詢硬件信息··························.116
4.4.3 procfs 文件系統與sysctl 命令······.116
4.4.4 系統電源狀態管理命令··············.117
4.4.5 其他命令································.119
4.5 實例——系統監視······················121
4.5.1 GNOME 系統監視器··················121
4.5.2 系統活動情況報告（sar） ···········121
4.6 虛擬化技術································122
4.7 cgroups ······································123
4.8 cgroups 與systemd ·····················124
4.9 namespaces ································126
4.10 容器和雲·································126
4.11 習題········································127
第5 章 硬盤與文件管理······················130
5.1 實例——硬盤管理······················130
5.1.1 查看硬盤分區···························130
5.1.2 分區·······································132
5.1.3 格式化分區······························134
5.1.4 檢查與修復文件系統··················136
5.1.5 掛載卸載·································137
5.1.6 硬盤空間管理···························139
5.1.7 其他硬盤相關命令·····················141
5.1.8 制作鏡像文件···························142
5.1.9 數據同步·································143
5.1.10 圖形化分區管理······················144
5.1.11 硬盤性能測試·························144
5.2 實例——文件與目錄管理···········145
5.2.1 Linux 文件系統的目錄結構··········146
5.2.2 查看目錄內容···························146
5.2.3 查看文件內容···························148
5.2.4 檢查文件類型···························150
5.2.5 校驗文件完整性························151
5.2.6 文件與目錄的創建、刪除、復制、移動及重命名··················152
5.2.7 文件搜索命令···························154
5.2.8 文件操作命令···························156
5.2.9 文件的追加、合並、分割············157
5.2.10 文件的比較、排序···················159
5.2.11 文件的鏈接····························161
5.2.12 設備文件·······························162
5.2.13 進程與文件····························162
5.2.14 文件下載命令·························163
5.2.15 xargs 命令······························164
5.3 實例——文件與目錄的安全········165
5.3.1 chmod 與umask 命令··················165
5.3.2 chown 和id 命令·······················166
5.3.3 chgrp 命令·······························166
5.3.4 chroot 命令······························167
5.4 強制位與粘貼位·························167
5.5 文件隱藏屬性····························168
5.6 訪問控制列表（ACL） ··············169
5.7 文件的壓縮與解壓縮··················170
5.7.1 gzip 和gunzip 命令····················170
5.7.2 bzip2 和bunzip2 命令·················170
5.7.3 xz 命令···································171
5.7.4 zip 和unzip 命令·······················171
5.7.5 顯示壓縮文件內容·····················171
5.7.6 實例——tar 命令·······················172
5.7.7 cpio 命令·································172
5.8 LVM··········································173
5.8.1 LVM 概述································173
5.8.2 邏輯卷的創建過程·····················173
5.8.3 邏輯卷的擴展與縮小··················175
5.8.4 卷組的擴展與刪除·····················175
5.9 RAID ········································176
5.9.1 RAID 概述·······························176
5.9.2 軟件RAID 創建過程··················177
5.9.3 查看、停止與啟動軟件RAID·······179
5.10 硬盤配額·································179
5.10.1 相關命令·······························179
5.10.2 實現硬盤配額·························182
5.11 習題········································183
第6 章 組建Linux 局域網···················186
6.1 實例——使用NetworkManager管理網絡接口····························186
6.1.1 GUI 方式·································187
6.1.2 CLI 方式·································187
6.1.3 NetworkManager 的非托管設備·····188
6.1.4 自動配置/etc/resolv.conf···············188
6.1.5 手動配置/etc/resolv.conf···············189
6.1.6 默認網關的設置························189
6.1.7 ifconfig、dhclient、route、ping、
traceroute、arping ······················190
6.1.8 net-tools 與iproute2····················191
6.1.9 使用BCC（eBPF 程序）進行網絡追蹤·································192
6.1.10 檢查無線網絡（Wi-Fi）信息······193
6.2 實例——DHCP 服務器···············193
6.2.1 DHCP 概述······························193
6.2.2 配置DHCP 服務器····················194
6.2.3 配置DHCP 客戶端····················197
6.3 實例——NFS 服務器··················197
6.3.1 配置NFS 服務器·······················197
6.3.2 訪問NFS 服務器的共享目錄········198
6.4 實例——Samba 服務器···············198
6.4.1 Samba 概述······························198
6.4.2 配置Samba 服務器····················199
6.4.3 Samba 服務器的配置文件············200
6.4.4 匿名訪問Samba 共享的資源········201
6.4.5 賬戶訪問Samba 共享的資源········201
6.4.6 SELinux ··································203
6.5 防火墻firewalld ·························204
6.5.1 Netfilter 組件····························205
6.5.2 firewalld 簡介···························205
6.5.3 firewalld 配置···························206
6.5.4 firewall-cmd 設置NAT ················207
6.5.5 firewall-cmd 設置服務器防火墻規則·······································209
6.6 代理服務器Squid 的設置···········210
6.6.1 代理服務器Squid 簡介···············210
6.6.2 局域網使用Squid 共享上網·········210
6.7 配置基於策略的路由··················212
6.8 多路徑TCP（MPTCP）·············214
6.9 實例——安全文件傳輸···············215
6.10 Linux 流量控制························217
6.11 實例——監控網絡連接·············217
6.12 實例——網絡抓包與分析·········218
6.13 網絡故障排查··························219
6.14 習題········································219
第7 章 提供Internet 服務···················222
7.1 實例——SSH ·····························222
7.1.1 SSH 簡介································222
7.1.2 SSH 服務器的設置·····················223
7.1.3 SSH 客戶端的應用·····················224
7.2 實例——DNS 服務及配置··········225
7.2.1 DNS 概述································225
7.2.2 BIND ·····································226
7.2.3 配置DNS 服務器······················226
7.2.4 view 指令································228
7.2.5 測試DNS 服務器······················230
7.2.6 輔助域名服務器························231
7.2.7 緩存服務器······························232
7.3 實例——Web 服務器的設置：Apache ·····································233
7.3.1 Apache 簡介·····························233
7.3.2 Apache 服務器的默認配置···········234
7.3.3 靜態網站建設···························234
7.3.4 為每個用戶配置Web 站點···········235
7.3.5 配置虛擬主機···························236
7.3.6 基於主機的授權························237
7.3.7 基於用戶的認證························238
7.3.8 組織和管理Web 站點·················239
7.3.9 CGI 運行環境的配置··················241
7.3.10 啟用HTTPS ···························242
7.4 實例——Web 服務器的設置：Nginx ·······································243
7.4.1 安裝Nginx ······························243
7.4.2 安裝PHP 和PHP-FPM················244
7.4.3 安裝MariaDB···························245
7.4.4 MariaDB 的簡單使用··················246
7.4.5 動態網站建設（LNMP） ············247
7.5 實例——FTP 服務器的設置········248
7.5.1 FTP 概述·································248
7.5.2 vsftpd 服務器···························250
7.5.3 匿名用戶上傳/下載文件··············250
7.5.4 本地用戶上傳/下載文件··············252
7.6 郵件服務器簡介·························253
7.7 實例——服務器管理軟件Cockpit······································256
7.8 習題··········································256
參考文獻···············································258