操作系統原理與實踐

第 1 章 操作系統概論 ···················································································.1
1.1 操作系統的概念 ················································································.1
1.1.1 操作系統的定義和目標 ··············································································.1
1.1.2 操作系統的形成和發展 ··············································································.2
1.1.3 操作系統的主要特性 ·················································································.5
1.2 操作系統的功能 ················································································.6
1.2.1 處理器管理 ·····························································································.6
1.2.2 存儲管理 ································································································.6
1.2.3 設備管理 ································································································.7
1.2.4 文件管理 ································································································.7
1.3 操作系統的接口 ················································································.8
1.3.1 操作接口和操作命令 ·················································································.8
1.3.2 程序接口與系統調用 ·················································································.9
1.4 操作系統的結構 ················································································.9
1.4.1 整體式結構 ····························································································.10
1.4.2 層次式結構 ····························································································.10
1.4.3 客戶/服務器結構 ·····················································································.10
1.4.4 虛擬機結構 ····························································································.11
1.5 流行操作系統簡介 ············································································.11
1.5.1 Windows 操作系統 ···················································································.11
1.5.2 UNIX 操作系統 ·······················································································.12
1.5.3 Linux 操作系統 ·······················································································.12
1.5.4 iOS 操作系統 ·························································································.13
1.5.5 Android 操作系統 ····················································································.14
本章小結 ·······························································································.15
習題 1 ··································································································.15
第 2 章 處理器管理及並發進程 ·····································································.16
2.1 多道程序設計 ··················································································.16
2.1.1 程序的順序執行 ······················································································.16
2.1.2 程序的並發執行 ······················································································.16
2.1.3 多道程序設計 ·························································································.17
2.1.4 並發程序執行的條件 ················································································.18
2.2 進程 ······························································································.19
2.2.1 進程的定義及其屬性 ················································································.19
2.2.2 進程的狀態及其轉換 ················································································.20
2.2.3 進程控制塊 ····························································································.21
2.2.4 進程隊列 ·······························································································.22
2.3 進程的控制 ·····················································································.23
2.3.1 操作系統內核 ·························································································.24
2.3.2 原語 ·····································································································.24
2.3.3 進程控制原語 ·························································································.24
2.4 進程調度 ························································································.26
2.4.1 進程調度簡介 ·························································································.26
2.4.2 進程調度的算法 ······················································································.26
2.5 線程及其實現 ··················································································.32
2.5.1 為什麼要引入多線程概念 ··········································································.32
2.5.2 多線程環境下的進程和線程 ·······································································.33
2.5.3 線程的優點及多線程的應用 ·······································································.34
2.5.4 多線程實現的三種方式 ·············································································.35
2.5.5 Java 環境下多線程設計舉例 ·······································································.35
2.6 並發進程的概念 ···············································································.37
2.6.1 相關進程及其關系 ···················································································.37
2.6.2 與時間有關的錯誤 ···················································································.38
2.6.3 臨界區概念及其管理要求 ··········································································.40
2.6.4 臨界區管理的嘗試 ···················································································.41
2.6.5 信號量與 PV 操作 ····················································································.44
2.7 進程的互斥和同步 ············································································.45
2.7.1 進程的互斥 ····························································································.45
2.7.2 進程的同步 ····························································································.48
2.7.3 進程互斥和同步的關系 ·············································································.59
2.8 管程 ······························································································.60
2.8.1 管程的概念 ····························································································.60
2.8.2 管程的特點及其組成 ················································································.60
2.8.3 Hansen 方法實現管程 ···············································································.62
2.8.4 Hansen 方法實現管程的實例 ······································································.62
2.9 進程通信 ························································································.65
2.9.1 消息傳遞概述 ·························································································.66
2.9.2 消息傳遞的兩種方式 ················································································.66
2.9.3 消息傳遞應用舉例 ···················································································.68
2.9.4 信號量與 PV 操作機制、管程和消息傳遞的關系 ·············································.69
2.10 死鎖 ····························································································.69
2.10.1 死鎖的定義與產生的原因·········································································.69
2.10.2 死鎖的防止 ··························································································.70
2.10.3 死鎖的避免與銀行家算法·········································································.72
2.10.4 死鎖的檢測與解除 ·················································································.76
本章小結 ·······························································································.77
習題 2 ··································································································.78
第 3 章 存儲管理 ·······················································································.80
3.1 存儲系統的基本概念 ·········································································.80
3.1.1 存儲器的分類 ·························································································.80
3.1.2 物理地址和邏輯地址 ················································································.80
3.1.3 地址重定位和存儲保護 ·············································································.81
3.2 存儲管理的基本概念 ·········································································.81
3.2.1 存儲管理的功能 ······················································································.81
3.2.2 內存擴充技術 ·························································································.82
3.2.3 存儲管理的分類 ······················································································.83
3.3 分區式存儲管理 ···············································································.84
3.3.1 單一連續區存儲管理 ················································································.84
3.3.2 固定分區存儲管理 ···················································································.85
3.3.3 可變分區存儲管理 ···················································································.87
3.4 簡單分頁式存儲管理 ·········································································.92
3.4.1 基本原理 ·······························································································.92
3.4.2 地址轉換 ·······························································································.93
3.4.3 相聯存儲器和快表 ···················································································.94
3.4.4 頁面的分配與回收 ···················································································.95
3.4.5 頁面的共享和保護 ···················································································.96
3.4.6 兩級和多級頁表 ······················································································.96
3.5 簡單分段式存儲管理 ·········································································.98
3.5.1 基本原理 ·······························································································.98
3.5.2 地址轉換 ·······························································································.99
3.5.3 段的共享和保護 ······················································································.99
3.5.4 優點和缺點 ··························································································.100
3.6 虛擬存儲管理 ················································································.101
3.7 請求分頁虛擬存儲管理 ····································································.102
3.7.1 基本原理 ·····························································································.102
3.7.2 內存頁面分配策略 ·················································································.103
3.7.3 頁面調入策略 ·······················································································.104
3.7.4 頁面置換算法 ·······················································································.104
3.7.5 缺頁中斷率分析 ····················································································.106
3.8 請求分段虛擬存儲管理 ····································································.108
3.8.1 基本原理 ·····························································································.108
3.8.2 地址轉換 ·····························································································.109
3.8.3 段的動態鏈接 ·······················································································.109
3.8.4 段的動態增長 ·······················································································.109
3.9 請求段頁式虛擬存儲管理 ·································································.110
本章小結 ·····························································································.110
習題 3 ································································································.110
第 4 章 設備管理 ······················································································.112
4.1 設備管理概述 ················································································.112
4.1.1 設備管理的任務與目標 ···········································································.112
4.1.2 設備管理的功能 ····················································································.112
4.1.3 外部設備的分類 ····················································································.113
4.2 設備 I/O 控制方式 ···········································································.115
4.2.1 程序查詢方式 ·······················································································.115
4.2.2 中斷方式 ·····························································································.115
4.2.3 DMA（直接內存存取）方式 ····································································.116
4.2.4 通道方式 ·····························································································.117
4.3 設備 I/O 軟件管理 ···········································································.119
4.3.1 I/O 軟件的目標 ·····················································································.119
4.3.2 I/O 中斷處理程序 ··················································································.120
4.3.3 設備驅動程序 ·······················································································.120
4.3.4 與設備無關的 I/O 軟件 ···········································································.121
4.3.5 用戶級的 I/O 軟件 ·················································································.121
4.4 緩沖技術 ······················································································.122
4.4.1 單緩沖技術 ··························································································.122
4.4.2 雙緩沖技術 ··························································································.123
4.4.3 多緩沖技術 ··························································································.123
4.4.4 緩沖池技術 ··························································································.123
4.5 外部設備分配、回收與啟動 ······························································.124
4.5.1 設備相對號和絕對號 ··············································································.124
4.5.2 外部設備的分配和回收 ···········································································.124
4.6 磁盤驅動調度 ················································································.125
4.6.1 磁盤結構 ·····························································································.126
4.6.2 磁盤調度 ·····························································································.127
4.6.3 磁盤移臂調度 ·······················································································.128
4.6.4 磁盤的旋轉調度 ····················································································.129
4.7 虛擬設備 ······················································································.131
4.7.1 脫機工作方式 ·······················································································.131
4.7.2 Spooling 技術 ·······················································································.132
4.7.3 虛擬設備 ·····························································································.133
本章小結 ·····························································································.133
習題 4 ································································································.134
第 5 章 文件管理 ······················································································.136
5.1 文件系統 ······················································································.136
5.1.1 文件和文件系統 ····················································································.136
5.1.2 文件的分類 ··························································································.137
5.1.3 文件系統的功能 ····················································································.138
5.2 文件目錄 ······················································································.138
5.2.1 目錄內容 ·····························································································.138
5.2.2 目錄結構 ·····························································································.139
5.3 文件結構與存取方法 ·······································································.141
5.3.1 文件的邏輯結構及存取方法 ·····································································.141
5.3.2 文件的物理結構及存取方法 ·····································································.142
5.3.3 存儲空間管理 ·······················································································.145
5.4 文件的使用 ···················································································.146
5.4.1 文件訪問 ·····························································································.146
5.4.2 文件控制 ·····························································································.148
5.4.3 目錄管理 ·····························································································.149
5.4.4 文件的共享 ··························································································.149
5.5 安全性和保護 ················································································.150
5.5.1 文件的訪問權限 ····················································································.150
5.5.2 文件的存取控制 ····················································································.150
5.5.3 文件的完整性 ·······················································································.151
本章小結 ·····························································································.152
習題 5 ································································································.152
第 6 章 Windows 和 Linux ··········································································.154
6.1 Windows 操作系統 ··········································································.154
6.1.1 Windows 操作系統的發展歷程和現狀 ·························································.154
6.1.2 Windows 2000/XP 簡介 ···········································································.155
6.1.3 Windows 操作系統總體架構 ·····································································.157
6.1.4 用戶模式和內核模式 ··············································································.160
6.1.5 Windows 操作系統和應用程序 ··································································.162
6.2 Linux 操作系統 ··············································································.166
6.2.1 Linux 簡介 ···························································································.166
6.2.2 Linux Shell ···························································································.166
6.2.3 vi 文本編輯器 ·······················································································.169
6.2.4 gcc 編譯器和 gdb 調試 ············································································.171
本章小結 ·····························································································.176
習題 6 ································································································.176
附錄 A 操作系統參考實驗項目 ····································································.177
第一部分 基本實驗部分 ········································································.177
實驗 1 進程管理 ···························································································.177
實驗 2 進程調度 ···························································································.177
實驗 3 存儲管理 ···························································································.179
實驗 4 獨占設備的靜態分配模擬 ······································································.179
實驗 5 文件管理 ···························································································.180
第二部分 創新實驗部分（Linux） ···························································.181
實驗 6 more 命令實現 ····················································································.181
實驗 7 文件列表命令實現 ···············································································.184
實驗 8 文件系統路徑命令實現 ·········································································.190
附錄 B 操作系統課程設計參考案例 ······························································.196
案例 1 多線程編程解決線程間同步和互斥問題 ···········································.196
案例 2 固定分區/可變分區存儲管理算法的模擬 ··········································.199
案例 3 頁面置換算法的模擬 ···································································.200
案例 4 銀行家算法的模擬 ······································································.206
案例 5 移臂調度算法的模擬 ···································································.210
案例 6 一個簡單文件管理器的實現 ··························································.215