相控陣雷達技術：空間監視與導彈預警

第1 篇 基礎篇
第1 章 概述···································································································.3
1.1 軌道與彈道··························································································.4
1.1.1 空間與空間目標···········································································.4
1.1.2 軌道的概念與特點········································································.5
1.1.3 彈道的概念與特點········································································.8
1.2 相控陣雷達原理與系統簡介····································································.10
1.2.1 相控陣雷達的空間監視和導彈預警功能············································.10
1.2.2 相控陣雷達原理··········································································.11
1.2.3 相控陣雷達系統組成····································································.11
1.2.4 相控陣雷達裝備與技術發展概況·····················································.13
1.3 常用軟件簡介······················································································.18
1.3.1 STK 軟件···················································································.18
1.3.2 ODTK 軟件················································································.19
1.3.3 MMT 軟件·················································································.19
1.3.4 SOFA 軟件·················································································.20
1.3.5 MATLAB 雷達工具箱···································································.20
思考題·····································································································.20
第2 章 空間目標監視系統················································································.21
2.1 定義與職能·························································································.22
2.2 系統組成····························································································.22
2.2.1 空間目標監視網··········································································.23
2.2.2 空間目標監視中心·······································································.23
2.3 國外發展現狀與趨勢·············································································.24
2.3.1 美國·························································································.24
2.3.2 俄羅斯······················································································.24
2.3.3 歐洲·························································································.25
2.4 空間目標監視技術發展··········································································.25
2.5 典型空間目標監視雷達簡介····································································.26
2.5.1 AN/FPS-85 雷達··········································································.26
2.5.2 “丹麥眼鏡蛇”雷達·····································································.28
2.5.3 “沃羅涅日”雷達········································································.30
2.5.4 “太空籬笆” ··············································································.32
2.5.5 GRAVES 系統·············································································.33
思考題·····································································································.34
第3 章 彈道導彈預警系統················································································.35
3.1 定義與職能·························································································.36
3.2 系統組成····························································································.36
3.2.1 彈道導彈預警裝備·······································································.37
3.2.2 預警信息處理與分發系統······························································.37
3.3 國外發展現狀與趨勢·············································································.38
3.3.1 美國·························································································.38
3.3.2 俄羅斯······················································································.40
3.4 彈道導彈目標探測技術發展····································································.40
3.4.1 預警體系協同運用技術發展···························································.41
3.4.2 天基紅外預警衛星目標探測面臨的挑戰及技術發展····························.41
3.4.3 相控陣雷達目標探測面臨的挑戰及技術發展·····································.42
3.5 典型反導預警雷達簡介··········································································.43
3.5.1 改進型預警雷達··········································································.44
3.5.2 海基X 波段雷達·········································································.45
3.5.3 “薩德”系統的機動型多功能地基雷達·············································.46
3.5.4 “宙斯盾”艦載相控陣雷達····························································.47
3.5.5 下一代艦載防空反導雷達······························································.48
3.5.6 遠程識別雷達·············································································.49
3.5.7 低層防空反導傳感器····································································.50
思考題·····································································································.51
第4 章 時空基準····························································································.52
4.1 基本天文概念······················································································.53
4.1.1 天球上的圈和點··········································································.53
4.1.2 歲差與章動················································································.55
4.1.3 極移·························································································.56
4.2 時間系統····························································································.57
4.2.1 世界時系統················································································.57
4.2.2 原子時系統················································································.58
4.2.3 力學時系統················································································.58
4.2.4 年、歷元和儒略日·······································································.59
4.3 時間系統轉換······················································································.59
4.3.1 公歷與儒略日轉換·······································································.60
4.3.2 時間尺度轉換·············································································.60
4.4 坐標系統····························································································.62
4.4.1 天球坐標系················································································.62
4.4.2 地球坐標系················································································.63
4.4.3 彈道坐標系················································································.64
4.5 坐標系統轉換······················································································.66
4.5.1 站心地平坐標系與ITRS 的轉換······················································.67
4.5.2 ITRS 與GCRS 的轉換··································································.68
4.5.3 發射坐標系與ITRS 的轉換····························································.70
4.5.4 發射坐標系與箭體坐標系的轉換·····················································.71
思考題·····································································································.72
第2 篇 運動學原理篇
第5 章 軌道運動原理······················································································.75
5.1 開普勒軌道根數···················································································.76
5.1.1 經典軌道根數·············································································.76
5.1.2 備用軌道根數·············································································.79
5.2 二體問題····························································································.80
5.2.1 二體運動特性·············································································.81
5.2.2 軌道根數與位置矢量、速度矢量之間的關系·····································.83
5.2.3 開普勒方程················································································.85
5.3 軌道攝動問題······················································································.88
5.3.1 軌道攝動概述·············································································.88
5.3.2 受攝軌道的軌道根數····································································.90
5.3.3 主要軌道攝動項及其影響······························································.92
5.4 軌道機動問題····················································································.103
5.4.1 軌道機動概述···········································································.103
5.4.2 典型軌道機動···········································································.105
5.4.3 一般軌道機動·············································································110
思考題·····································································································111
第6 章 彈道運動原理······················································································113
6.1 彈道運動基礎······················································································114
6.1.1 彈道導彈工作模式·······································································114
6.1.2 典型彈道飛行階段·······································································114
6.2 彈道運動環境及受力·············································································116
6.2.1 飛行環境概述·············································································116
6.2.2 地球引力及擾動··········································································116
6.2.3 空氣動力及力矩········································································.121
6.2.4 發動機推力及指標·····································································.123
6.3 彈道運動方程及解算···········································································.125
6.3.1 運動微分方程組一般形式····························································.125
6.3.2 其他坐標系下彈道運動方程·························································.133
6.3.3 彈道運動微分方程的解算····························································.135
6.4 彈道運動基本特征··············································································.137
6.4.1 基本運動規律···········································································.138
6.4.2 彈道攝動及機動········································································.141
思考題···································································································.143
第3 篇 相控陣雷達運用篇
第7 章 相控陣雷達信號處理·············································································.147
7.1 功能與工作流程·················································································.148
7.2 窄帶通道目標檢測方法········································································.150
7.2.1 目標檢測的一般流程··································································.150
7.2.2 脈沖壓縮·················································································.150
7.2.3 多普勒處理··············································································.153
7.2.4 恒虛警率檢測···········································································.153
7.2.5 副瓣匿影·················································································.157
7.2.6 相控陣雷達目標檢測的特點·························································.158
7.3 寬帶一維成像方法··············································································.159
7.3.1 步進頻率信號的合成處理····························································.159
7.3.2 線性調頻信號的脈沖壓縮····························································.160
7.4 目標參數測量····················································································.161
7.4.1 目標位置參數測量·····································································.161
7.4.2 徑向速度測量···········································································.165
7.4.3 RCS 測量·················································································.166
7.4.4 提高參數測量精度的措施····························································.167
7.5 抗幹擾技術·······················································································.168
7.5.1 幹擾技術·················································································.168
7.5.2 抗幹擾的概念···········································································.170
7.5.3 典型抗幹擾技術········································································.171
7.5.4 電子幹擾條件下的雷達探測效能評估·············································.177
7.6 相控陣雷達信號處理新發展··································································.179
7.6.1 檢測前跟蹤··············································································.179
7.6.2 多特征檢測··············································································.181
7.6.3 認知探測·················································································.181
7.6.4 雷達發射波形優化設計·······························································.182
思考題···································································································.183
第8 章 相控陣雷達數據處理·············································································.185
8.1 數據處理系統概述··············································································.186
8.1.1 數據處理的主要功能和特點·························································.186
8.1.2 數據處理系統的技術指標····························································.188
8.2 多目標跟蹤·······················································································.189
8.2.1 多目標跟蹤的基本概念·······························································.189
8.2.2 跟蹤濾波·················································································.190
8.2.3 點跡?航跡關聯·········································································.193
8.3 群目標跟蹤技術·················································································.195
8.3.1 群目標跟蹤面臨的挑戰·······························································.195
8.3.2 群目標跟蹤方式與群管理····························································.196
8.4 軌道預報與確定·················································································.197
8.4.1 軌道預報·················································································.197
8.4.2 軌道確定·················································································.204
8.5 彈道預報··························································································.210
8.5.1 概念和流程··············································································.210
8.5.2 彈道濾波···················································································211
8.5.3 彈道導彈軌道根數估算·······························································.212
8.5.4 解析法落點預報········································································.213
8.5.5 數值積分法落點預報··································································.214
思考題···································································································.215
第9 章 相控陣雷達目標識別·············································································.216
9.1 彈頭目標識別····················································································.217
9.1.1 彈頭目標識別的概念··································································.217
9.1.2 特征提取與特征分析··································································.218
9.1.3 關鍵事件判別···········································································.227
9.1.4 分類器設計與選擇·····································································.228
9.1.5 綜合識別流程···········································································.231
9.1.6 識別性能評估···········································································.232
9.2 空間目標編目與匹配識別·····································································.234
9.2.1 空間目標編目的基本概念····························································.234
9.2.2 空間目標編目的數據庫·······························································.235
9.2.3 空間目標編目的基本流程····························································.236
9.2.4 軌道匹配的基本流程··································································.238
9.2.5 空間目標軌道匹配識別·······························································.242
思考題···································································································.244
第4 篇 工程實踐篇
第10 章 資源管理·························································································.247
10.1 概念和功能·····················································································.248
10.1.1 雷達資源的概念······································································.248
10.1.2 相控陣雷達基本工作方式··························································.248
10.1.3 資源調度與管理的功能·····························································.249
10.1.4 研究進展與挑戰······································································.249
10.2 搜索資源管理··················································································.250
10.2.1 搜索工作方式的類型································································.250
10.2.2 雷達搜索作用距離···································································.253
10.2.3 搜索屏設置············································································.255
10.2.4 使用STK 工具輔助進行搜索屏設置·············································.258
10.3 跟蹤資源管理··················································································.258
10.3.1 跟蹤工作方式的類型································································.259
10.3.2 多目標跟蹤資源分配································································.259
10.4 識別資源管理··················································································.262
10.5 任務調度························································································.264
10.5.1 任務調度的概念······································································.264
10.5.2 自適應調度算法······································································.265
10.6 目標探測工作模式設計······································································.268
10.6.1 空間目標探測工作模式·····························································.269
10.6.2 彈道導彈目標探測工作模式·······················································.270
10.6.3 空中目標探測工作模式·····························································.271
10.6.4 臨近空間高超聲速目標探測工作模式···········································.271
10.6.5 多類目標同時探測工作模式·······················································.274
思考題···································································································.274
第11 章 雷達衛星標校···················································································.275
11.1 背景介紹·························································································.276
11.2 標校原理·························································································.276
11.2.1 精密星歷獲取·········································································.277
11.2.2 衛星高精度軌道預報································································.278
11.2.3 衛星過境預報·········································································.278
11.2.4 雷達搜索屏參數設置································································.279
11.2.5 坐標變換················································································.279
11.2.6 系統誤差評估·········································································.280
11.3 標校軟件簡介··················································································.281
思考題···································································································.281
參考文獻······································································································.282