無損檢測物理基礎

目 錄
第一篇 電磁檢測理論基礎
緒論 ·········································································································································.3
第1 章 矢量分析及場論基礎 ··································································································.6
1.1 矢量的表示和運算 ·····································································································.6
1.1.1 矢量和標量的定義 ································································································.6
1.1.2 矢量的運算法則 ···································································································.6
1.1.3 常用的坐標系 ······································································································.9
1.2 場論基礎 ··················································································································.11
1.2.1 場的概念 ···········································································································.11
1.2.2 標量場的方向導數與梯度 ······················································································.12
1.2.3 通量與散度 ········································································································.15
1.2.4 環量與旋度 ········································································································.18
1.3 拉普拉斯運算與格林定理 ·························································································.22
1.4 亥姆霍茲定理 ···········································································································.23
1.5 矢量場的分類 ···········································································································.24
習題 ·································································································································.26
第2 章 電磁場的基本定律 ····································································································.27
2.1 電荷與電荷密度 ·······································································································.27
2.2 電流與電流密度 ·······································································································.28
2.3 電場力、電場強度與電位 ·························································································.29
2.4 磁場力、磁感應強度與磁位 ······················································································.34
2.5 電偶極子和磁偶極子 ································································································.40
2.6 工程應用實例 ···········································································································.41
習題 ·································································································································.43
第3 章 介質中的麥克斯韋方程 ·····························································································.45
3.1 導體及傳導電流 ·······································································································.45
3.2 電介質及其極化 ·······································································································.47
3.3 磁介質的磁化 ···········································································································.50
3.4 麥克斯韋方程組 ·······································································································.55
3.5 麥克斯韋方程的時諧形式 ·························································································.61
3.6 電磁場的能量與坡印亭矢量 ·····················································································.62
3.7 電磁場的邊界條件 ···································································································.65
3.8 工程應用實例 ··········································································································.70
習題 ································································································································.72
第4 章 靜態場分析 ···············································································································.74
4.1 靜態場中的麥克斯韋方程組 ·····················································································.74
4.2 靜電場分析 ··············································································································.74
4.3 恒定電場分析 ··········································································································.77
4.4 恒定磁場分析 ··········································································································.79
4.5 重要的基本原理 ·······································································································.86
4.6 鏡像法 ·····················································································································.88
4.7 分離變量法 ··············································································································.93
4.8 有限差分法 ··············································································································.95
4.9 工程應用實例 ··········································································································.95
習題 ································································································································.96
第5 章 時變場分析 ···············································································································.99
5.1 波的數學形式 ··········································································································.99
5.2 自由空間中的電磁波 ································································································.99
5.3 時變場的位函數 ·····································································································.101
5.4 均勻平面電磁波分析 ······························································································.102
5.5 平面電磁波在理想介質中的傳播 ············································································.104
5.6 平面電磁波在非理想介質中的傳播 ·········································································.105
5.7 似穩電磁場 ············································································································.108
5.8 工程應用實例 ·········································································································.110
習題 ·······························································································································.112
第二篇 射線檢測理論基礎
第6 章 原子結構 ·················································································································.115
6.1 原子結構模型 ·········································································································.115
6.1.1 道爾頓原子論 ····································································································.115
6.1.2 湯姆遜原子結構模型 ···························································································.115
6.1.3 盧瑟福原子有核模型 ···························································································.116
6.1.4 玻爾原子模型 ····································································································.118
6.2 原子的基本性質概述 ······························································································.125
6.2.1 原子符號 ·········································································································.125
6.2.2 原子的質量 ······································································································.125
6.2.3 原子的大小 ······································································································.126
目 錄 VII
6.3 量子力學基礎 ·········································································································.126
6.3.1 波粒二象性 ······································································································.127
6.3.2 海森伯不確定關系 ·····························································································.128
6.3.3 波函數 ··········································································································.129
6.3.4 薛定諤方程 ····································································································.130
6.3.5 氫原子的薛定諤方程 ························································································.131
6.4 原子內電子的排布 ··································································································.132
6.4.1 電子殼層結構及電子排布 ····················································································.132
6.4.2 L ? S 耦合以及原子態 ························································································.134
習題 ·······························································································································.137
第7 章 原子核與放射性衰變 ·······························································································.138
7.1 概述 ·······················································································································.138
7.2 原子核的基本性質 ··································································································.138
7.2.1 原子核的組成 ···································································································.138
7.2.2 電荷、質量的分布 ·····························································································.139
7.2.3 原子核的結合能 ································································································.140
7.2.4 核力 ···············································································································.142
*7.3 核模型 ·················································································································.142
7.4 放射性核衰變 ·········································································································.143
7.4.1 常用的基本概念 ································································································.143
7.4.2 放射性衰變規律 ································································································.144
7.5 典型的放射性衰變 ··································································································.148
7.5.1 衰變綱圖 ·········································································································.148
7.5.2 ? 衰變 ············································································································.148
7.5.3 ? 衰變 ············································································································.150
7.5.4 ? 衰變 ············································································································.153
7.6 內轉換電子 ············································································································.154
7.7 穆斯堡爾效應 ·········································································································.155
7.8 ? 衰變、? 衰變、? 衰變的比較 ··············································································.156
習題 ·······························································································································.156
第8 章 工業射線檢測常用的射線 ························································································.158
8.1 射線的分類 ············································································································.158
8.1.1 按電離性質分類 ································································································.158
8.1.2 按帶電性質分類 ································································································.158
8.2 X 射線 ···················································································································.158
8.2.1 X 射線的基本性質 ·····························································································.159
8.2.2 X 射線的產生過程 ·····························································································.160
8.2.3 X 射線的發射譜 ································································································.161
8.2.4 莫塞萊定律 ······································································································.164
8.2.5 俄歇效應 ·········································································································.165
8.2.6 X 射線強度 ······································································································.166
8.2.7 同步輻射 ·········································································································.170
8.3 ? 射線 ····················································································································.172
8.3.1 ? 射線的性質及產生方法 ····················································································.172
8.3.2 ? 射線強度 ······································································································.173
8.3.3 ? 射線檢測常用的放射源 ····················································································.175
8.4 中子射線 ···············································································································.177
8.4.1 中子的基本性質 ································································································.177
8.4.2 中子的產生與中子源 ··························································································.178
習題 ······························································································································.179
第9 章 射線與物質的相互作用 ···························································································.181
9.1 X 射線和? 射線與物質的相互作用 ··········································································.181
9.1.1 反應截面 ·········································································································.182
9.1.2 光電效應 ·········································································································.183
9.1.3 康普頓效應 ······································································································.185
9.1.4 電子對效應 ······································································································.188
9.1.5 瑞利散射 ·········································································································.190
9.1.6 4 種相互作用的比較 ··························································································.191
9.1.7 X 射線和? 射線強度的衰減規律 ···········································································.192
9.1.8 X 射線連續譜的吸收 ··························································································.200
9.2 帶電粒子與物質的相互作用 ··················································································.202
9.2.1 ? 粒子與物質的相互作用 ···················································································.203
9.2.2 ? 粒子與物質的相互作用 ····················································································.204
9.3 中子與物質的相互作用 ··························································································.205
9.3.1 中子與物質相互作用的類型 ·················································································.205
9.3.2 中子與物質的反應截面 ·······················································································.206
9.3.3 中子射線強度的衰減規律 ····················································································.207
9.3.4 中子與物質相互作用的特點 ·················································································.208
9.4 射線強度衰減在工業射線檢測中的應用 ··································································.209
習題 ······························································································································.210
第三篇 聲學檢測理論基礎
第10 章 聲波的類型及傳播規律 ·························································································.215
10.1 振動與波 ··············································································································.215
10.1.1 振動 ·············································································································.215
10.1.2 波 ················································································································.223
10.2 聲壓的概念 ··········································································································.224
10.3 理想流體介質中的聲波 ·························································································.224
10.3.1 流體的3 個基本方程 ························································································.225
10.3.2 小振幅聲波的一維波動方程 ···············································································.227
10.3.3 三維波動方程 ·································································································.228
10.4 彈性固體介質中的聲波 ·························································································.229
10.4.1 固體的基本彈性性質 ························································································.229
10.4.2 無限大介質中的聲波 ························································································.233
10.4.3 半無限大介質中的聲表面波 ···············································································.237
10.4.4 波導介質中的導波 ···························································································.240
10.5 聲波的基本特性 ···································································································.242
10.5.1 聲速的概念 ····································································································.243
10.5.2 聲阻抗率和介質特性阻抗的概念 ·········································································.247
10.5.3 聲能量的概念 ·································································································.248
10.5.4 聲壓級和聲強級概念 ························································································.250
10.6 聲波垂直入射平面界面時的反射和透射 ································································.251
10.6.1 聲學邊界條件 ·································································································.251
10.6.2 聲波垂直入射單一平面界面時的反射和透射 ··························································.252
10.6.3 聲波垂直入射層狀界面時的反射和透射 ································································.255
10.7 聲波斜入射平面界面時的反射和折射 ····································································.258
10.7.1 沿空間任意方向傳播的波 ··················································································.258
10.7.2 聲波斜入射流體界面 ························································································.259
10.7.3 聲波斜入射流體-固體界面 ·················································································.263
10.7.4 聲波斜入射固體-固體界面 ·················································································.266
10.7.5 聲壓反射率 ····································································································.268
10.7.6 聲壓往復透射率 ······························································································.269
10.7.7 端角反射 ·······································································································.270
10.8 聲波入射彎曲界面時的反射和折射 ·······································································.271
10.8.1 球面波在平面界面上的反射和折射 ······································································.271
10.8.2 聲波在彎曲界面上的反射和折射 ·········································································.273
10.9 聲波的疊加、幹涉和衍射 ·····················································································.279
10.9.1 疊加原理 ·······································································································.279
10.9.2 駐波 ·············································································································.280
10.9.3 聲波的相幹性 ·································································································.280
10.9.4 具有無規則相位的聲波疊加 ···············································································.282
10.10 聲波的散射與吸收 ······························································································.283
10.10.1 超聲波在介質中的散射 ····················································································.283
10.10.2 介質對超聲波的吸收 ·······················································································.285
10.10.3 超聲波在介質中的衰減 ····················································································.287
習題 ·······························································································································.289
第11 章 超聲波的產生與接收 ·····························································································.291
11.1 壓電效應和壓電材料 ····························································································.291
11.1.1 壓電效應 ·······································································································.291
11.1.2 壓電方程和壓電參數 ························································································.293
11.1.3 壓電晶片的振動 ······························································································.297
11.1.4 壓電材料種類 ·································································································.297
11.2 球面聲源的輻射聲場 ····························································································.299
11.2.1 脈動球源的輻射聲場 ························································································.299
11.2.2 點球源的輻射聲場 ···························································································.302
11.2.3 任意形狀聲源的輻射聲場 ··················································································.303
11.3 無限大障板活塞聲源的輻射聲場 ···········································································.304
11.3.1 圓形活塞聲源聲場中的聲壓 ···············································································.304
11.3.2 矩形活塞聲源聲場中的聲壓 ···············································································.308
11.3.3 實際聲源輻射聲場特征 ·····················································································.309
11.4 斜探頭在固體介質中輻射的聲場 ···········································································.310
11.5 聚焦式聲源的輻射聲場 ··························································································.311
11.6 聲波的接收及聲壓規律 ·························································································.313
11.6.1 圓形活塞聲源聲軸上的入射波聲壓 ······································································.313
11.6.2 圓形平面體上的回波聲壓 ··················································································.314
11.6.3 圓柱曲面體上的回波聲壓 ··················································································.314
11.6.4 長孔曲面體上的回波聲壓 ··················································································.315
11.6.5 短孔曲面體上的回波聲壓 ··················································································.315
11.6.6 圓孔曲面體上的回波聲壓 ··················································································.316
11.6.7 長橫槽反射體上的回波聲壓 ···············································································.316
11.6.8 大平面反射體上的回波聲壓 ···············································································.316
習題 ······························································································································.317
參考文獻 ······························································································································.318