計算機網絡（第9版）

第1 章 概述······································································································.1
1.1 計算機網絡在信息時代中的作用·································································.1
1.2 互聯網概述····························································································.3
1.2.1 網絡的網絡·······················································································.3
1.2.2 互聯網基礎結構發展的三個階段································································.5
1.2.3 互聯網的標準化工作·············································································.7
1.3 互聯網的組成·························································································.8
1.3.1 互聯網的邊緣部分················································································.9
1.3.2 互聯網的核心部分···············································································.11
1.4 計算機網絡在我國的發展··········································································16
1.5 計算機網絡的類別···················································································17
1.5.1 計算機網絡的定義················································································17
1.5.2 幾種不同類別的計算機網絡·····································································18
1.6 計算機網絡的性能···················································································19
1.6.1 計算機網絡的性能指標··········································································19
1.6.2 計算機網絡的非性能特征········································································24
1.7 計算機網絡體系結構················································································24
1.7.1 計算機網絡體系結構的形成·····································································25
1.7.2 協議與劃分層次··················································································26
1.7.3 具有五層協議的體系結構········································································28
1.7.4 TCP/IP 的體系結構···············································································32
復習題·········································································································34
習題············································································································35
第2 章 物理層···································································································37
2.1 物理層的基本概念···················································································37
2.2 現代通信的基礎知識················································································38
2.2.1 通信中的常用術語················································································38
2.2.2 有關信道的幾個基本概念········································································38
2.2.3 信道的極限容量··················································································40
2.3 物理層使用的傳輸媒體·············································································42
2.3.1 導引型傳輸媒體··················································································42
2.3.2 非導引型傳輸媒體················································································46
2.4 信道復用技術·························································································47
2.5 數字傳輸系統·························································································49
2.6 寬帶接入技術·························································································50
2.6.1 光纖接入··························································································50
2.6.2 非對稱數字用戶線ADSL ········································································52
2.6.3 光纖同軸混合網（HFC 網）·····································································53
復習題·········································································································54
習題············································································································54
第3 章 數據鏈路層·····························································································55
3.1 數據鏈路層的幾個共同問題·······································································56
3.1.1 數據鏈路和幀·····················································································56
3.1.2 三個基本問題·····················································································57
3.2 點對點協議PPP·······················································································61
3.2.1 PPP 協議的特點··················································································61
3.2.2 PPP 協議的幀格式················································································63
3.2.3 PPP 協議的工作狀態·············································································64
3.3 以太網··································································································65
3.3.1 局域網中的以太網················································································65
3.3.2 CSMA/CD 協議···················································································67
3.3.3 以太網的信道利用率·············································································72
3.3.4 以太網的MAC 地址··············································································73
3.3.5 以太網的MAC 幀格式···········································································75
3.4 以太網演變成星形網················································································77
3.4.1 從集線器到以太網交換機········································································77
3.4.2 以太網交換機的自學習功能·····································································78
3.4.3 虛擬局域網·······················································································80
3.5 高速以太網····························································································82
3.5.1 100BASE-T 以太網··············································································82
3.5.2 吉比特以太網·····················································································83
3.5.3 10 吉比特以太網(10GbE)和更快的以太網······················································84
3.5.4 使用以太網進行寬帶接入········································································85
復習題·········································································································86
習題············································································································87
第4 章 網絡層···································································································90
4.1 互聯網協議IP ·························································································90
4.1.1 網絡層提供的兩種服務··········································································90
4.1.2 網絡層中的重要協議·············································································92
4.1.3 虛擬互連網絡·····················································································92
4.1.4 IP 地址····························································································95
4.1.5 IP 地址與MAC 地址··········································································.102
4.1.6 地址解析協議ARP ············································································.104
4.1.7 IP 數據報的格式···············································································.106
4.2 IP 層轉發分組的過程·············································································.109
4.2.1 基於終點的轉發···············································································.109
4.2.2 最長前綴匹配··················································································.110
4.2.3 查找轉發表的簡單歸納·······································································.111
4.2.4 使用二叉線索查找轉發表·····································································.112
4.3 互聯網控制報文協議ICMP ·····································································.113
4.3.1 ICMP 報文的種類·············································································.114
4.3.2 ICMP 的應用舉例·············································································.115
4.4 動態主機配置協議DHCP ·······································································.117
4.5 IPv6···································································································.119
4.5.1 IPv6 的地址····················································································.120
4.5.2 IPv6 的基本首部···············································································.123
4.5.3 IPv6 的擴展首部···············································································.125
4.5.4 ICMPv6 ························································································.127
4.5.5 IPv6 地址的配置···············································································.128
4.5.6 從IPv4 向IPv6 過渡···········································································.132
4.6 互聯網的路由協議················································································.136
4.6.1 有關路由協議的幾個基本概念································································.136
4.6.2 路由信息協議RIP ·············································································.137
4.6.3 開放最短路徑優先協議OSPF·································································.141
4.6.4 邊界網關協議BGP ············································································.144
4.7 路由器的構成······················································································.152
4.7.1 路由器的結構··················································································.152
4.7.2 交換結構·······················································································.154
4.8 IP 多播·······························································································.155
4.8.1 IP 多播的基本概念············································································.155
4.8.2 在局域網上進行硬件多播·····································································.156
4.8.3 組管理協議和多播路由協議··································································.157
4.8.4 IP 多播仍需解決的問題·······································································.162
4.9 虛擬專用網VPN 和網絡地址轉換NAT······················································.162
4.9.1 虛擬專用網VPN ··············································································.162
4.9.2 網絡地址轉換··················································································.163
4.10 改進“盡最大努力交付”的服務·····························································.164
4.10.1 使互聯網提供服務質量······································································.165
4.10.2 調度和管制機制··············································································.166
4.10.3 綜合服務與資源預留協議···································································.169
4.10.4 區分服務DiffServ ············································································.170
4.11 多協議標簽交換MPLS ·········································································.171
4.11.1 MPLS 的工作原理············································································.172
4.11.2 MPLS 首部的格式············································································.174
4.11.3 MPLS 的應用場合············································································.174
復習題······································································································.176
習題·········································································································.177
第5 章 傳輸層································································································.185
5.1 傳輸層協議概述···················································································.185
5.1.1 進程之間的通信···············································································.185
5.1.2 傳輸層的兩個主要協議·······································································.187
5.1.3 傳輸層的端口··················································································.188
5.2 用戶數據報協議UDP ············································································.189
5.2.1 UDP 概述······················································································.189
5.2.2 UDP 的首部格式··············································································.191
5.3 傳輸控制協議TCP 概述·········································································.193
5.3.1 TCP 最主要的特點············································································.193
5.3.2 TCP 的連接····················································································.194
5.4 可靠傳輸的工作原理·············································································.195
5.4.1 停止等待協議··················································································.195
5.4.2 連續ARQ 協議················································································.198
5.5 TCP 報文段的首部格式··········································································.199
5.6 TCP 可靠傳輸的實現·············································································.202
5.6.1 TCP 的滑動窗口機制··········································································.203
5.6.2 超時重傳時間的選擇··········································································.205
5.6.3 選擇性確認SACK·············································································.206
5.7 TCP 的傳輸連接管理·············································································.207
5.7.1 TCP 的連接建立···············································································.207
5.7.2 TCP 的連接釋放···············································································.209
5.7.3 TCP 的連接管理有限狀態機··································································.211
5.8 TCP 的流量控制···················································································.212
5.8.1 利用滑動窗口實現流量控制··································································.212
5.8.2 TCP 的傳輸效率···············································································.213
5.9 TCP 的擁塞控制···················································································.213
5.9.1 擁塞控制的一般原理··········································································.213
5.9.2 經典的擁塞控制算法··········································································.216
5.9.3 其他TCP 擁塞控制機制······································································.219
5.10 新型傳輸層協議··················································································.224
復習題······································································································.225
習題·········································································································.227
第6 章 應用層································································································.233
6.1 域名系統DNS······················································································.234
6.1.1 域名系統概述··················································································.234
6.1.2 互聯網的域名結構·············································································.235
6.1.3 域名服務器····················································································.236
6.1.4 DNS 資源記錄·················································································.240
6.2 萬維網WWW······················································································.240
6.2.1 萬維網概述····················································································.240
6.2.2 統一資源定位符URL ·········································································.242
6.2.3 超文本傳送協議HTTP ········································································.243
6.2.4 萬維網的演進··················································································.251
6.2.5 萬維網的應用··················································································.252
6.2.6 AI 重塑瀏覽器：從信息工具到智能平臺····················································.253
6.3 電子郵件····························································································.254
6.3.1 電子郵件概述··················································································.254
6.3.2 簡單郵件傳送協議SMTP ·····································································.257
6.3.3 電子郵件的信息格式··········································································.258
6.3.4 郵件讀取協議POP3 和IMAP·································································.259
6.3.5 基於萬維網的電子郵件·······································································.260
6.3.6 通用互聯網郵件擴充MIME ··································································.261
6.4 多媒體內容在互聯網上的傳輸·································································.264
6.4.1 多媒體的特點··················································································.264
6.4.2 傳統的多媒體傳輸協議·······································································.266
6.4.3 用於交互式多媒體傳輸的協議································································.268
6.4.4 用於非實時多媒體傳輸的協議································································.273
6.4.5 用於多媒體直播的協議·······································································.274
6.5 簡單網絡管理協議SNMP ·······································································.275
6.5.1 網絡管理的基本概念··········································································.275
6.5.2 管理信息結構SMI ············································································.277
6.5.3 管理信息庫MIB···············································································.280
6.5.4 SNMP 的協議數據單元和報文································································.281
6.6 應用進程跨越網絡的通信·······································································.284
6.6.1 系統調用和應用編程接口·····································································.284
6.6.2 幾種常用的系統調用··········································································.286
6.7 P2P 應用·····························································································.288
6.7.1 具有集中目錄服務器的P2P 方式·····························································.289
6.7.2 具有全分布式結構的P2P 文件共享程序·····················································.290
6.7.3 P2P 文件分發的分析··········································································.292
6.7.4 在P2P 對等方中搜索對象····································································.293
復習題······································································································.296
習題·········································································································.298
第7 章 網絡安全·····························································································.301
7.1 網絡安全問題概述················································································.301
7.1.1 計算機網絡面臨的安全性威脅································································.301
7.1.2 安全的計算機網絡·············································································.303
7.1.3 數據加密模型··················································································.304
7.2 兩類密碼體制······················································································.305
7.2.1 對稱密鑰密碼體制·············································································.305
7.2.2 公鑰密碼體制··················································································.306
7.3 鑒別··································································································.307
7.3.1 報文鑒別·······················································································.307
7.3.2 實體鑒別·······················································································.312
7.4 密鑰分配····························································································.314
7.4.1 對稱密鑰的分配···············································································.314
7.4.2 公鑰的分配····················································································.317
7.4.3 DH 密鑰交換···················································································.319
7.5 互聯網使用的安全協議··········································································.320
7.5.1 網絡層安全協議···············································································.320
7.5.2 傳輸層安全協議···············································································.325
7.5.3 應用層安全協議···············································································.328
7.6 網絡安全技術：防火墻與入侵檢測···························································.330
7.6.1 防火墻··························································································.330
7.6.2 入侵檢測系統··················································································.332
7.7 一些未來的發展方向·············································································.332
復習題······································································································.333
習題·········································································································.334
第8 章 無線網絡和移動網絡··············································································.335
8.1 無線局域網WLAN ···············································································.335
8.1.1 無線局域網的組成·············································································.336
8.1.2 802.11 局域網的物理層·······································································.341
8.1.3 802.11 局域網的MAC 層協議································································.342
8.1.4 802.11 局域網的MAC 幀·····································································.348
8.2 無線特種網WSN··················································································.351
8.3 蜂窩移動通信網···················································································.354
8.3.1 早期的蜂窩移動通信技術·····································································.354
8.3.2 4G 蜂窩移動通信技術·········································································.357
8.3.3 5G 蜂窩移動通信技術·········································································.363
8.4 移動IP ·······························································································.366
8.4.1 移動IP 的基本概念············································································.366
8.4.2 移動IP 的路由選擇問題······································································.368
8.4.3 移動IP 的前景·················································································.370
復習題······································································································.370
習題·········································································································.371
第9 章 新型網絡技術·······················································································.373
9.1 軟件定義網絡技術················································································.374
9.1.1 數據平面與控制平面分離的思想·····························································.374
9.1.2 SDN 架構······················································································.375
9.1.3 SDN 數據平面·················································································.378
9.1.4 SDN 控制平面·················································································.387
9.1.5 可編程數據平面···············································································.391
9.1.6 SDN 的應用····················································································.394
9.2 網絡功能虛擬化技術·············································································.397
9.2.1 網絡功能虛擬化產生的背景與動機··························································.397
9.2.2 NFV 架構······················································································.398
9.2.3 NFV 與SDN 的融合···········································································.402
9.2.4 挑戰與未來演進···············································································.402
9.3 數據中心網絡······················································································.403
9.3.1 數據中心與數據中心網絡·····································································.403
9.3.2 典型數據中心網絡結構·······································································.406
9.3.3 數據中心網絡發展趨勢·······································································.408
復習題······································································································.409
習題·········································································································.410
附錄A 參考文獻與網址····················································································.412
附錄B 常用英文縮寫詞····················································································.415