人工智能導論

第1章 久遠的夢想····································································································（1）
1.1 人類智能：從能人到智人··············································································（1）
1.1.1 人類的進化和腦容量增長 ···········································································（1）
1.1.2 中國最早的乘法口訣表 ··············································································（2）
1.1.3 古巴比倫乘法表和勾股數表 ········································································（5）
1.1.4 古埃及數學運算 ·······················································································（8）
1.1.5 古希臘先哲 ··························································································.（10）
1.1.6 從諸子百家到中西匯通 ···········································································.（22）
1.2 中國古代人工智能夢想 ··············································································.（30）
1.2.1 偃師制造歌舞藝人 ·················································································.（30）
1.2.2 魯班和墨子的發明 ·················································································.（31）
1.3 西方神話變成現實 ·····················································································.（32）
1.3.1 阿基塔斯的飛鴿 ····················································································.（32）
1.3.2 安提凱希拉機械裝置 ··············································································.（33）
1.3.3 帕斯卡齒輪式四則運算器 ········································································.（33）
1.3.4 萊布尼茨手搖計算器 ··············································································.（34）
1.3.5 雅卡爾穿孔卡片機 ·················································································.（34）
1.3.6 巴貝奇差分機 ·······················································································.（35）
第2章 艱難的歷程·································································································.（37）
2.1 定理自動證明 ····························································································.（37）
2.1.1 數理邏輯證明 ·······················································································.（37）
2.1.2 歸結與重寫 ··························································································.（38）
2.1.3 四色定理 ·····························································································.（39）
2.1.4 推理引擎 ·····························································································.（39）
2.1.5 王浩的貢獻 ··························································································.（40）
2.1.6 開普勒猜想 ··························································································.（41）
2.2 從專家系統到知識工程 ···············································································（42）
2.2.1 第一個專家系統 ····················································································.（42）
2.2.2 MYCIN醫療專家系統 ············································································.（43）
2.2.3 知識中蘊藏力量 ····················································································.（44）
2.2.4 知識庫系統 ··························································································.（45）
2.2.5 將知識工程用於教育 ··············································································.（46）
2.3 自然語言處理 ····························································································.（47）
2.3.1 喬姆斯基的轉換生成語法理論 ··································································.（48）
2.3.2 最早的機器翻譯系統 ··············································································.（49）
2.3.3 語音識別與語音合成 ··············································································.（50）
2.3.4 光學字符識別 ·······················································································.（51）
2.3.5 手寫識別 ·····························································································.（52）
2.3.6 其他程序 ·····························································································.（53）
2.4 計算機下棋································································································.（54）
2.4.1 計算機下跳棋 ·······················································································.（54）
2.4.2 計算機下國際象棋 ·················································································.（56）
2.4.3 計算機下圍棋 ·······················································································.（57）
2.4.4 計算機下五子棋 ····················································································.（58）
第3章 中國學者的貢獻··························································································.（59）
3.1 制造計算機································································································.（59）
3.1.1 電子計算機科研小組 ··············································································.（59）
3.1.2 仿制103計算機和104計算機 ··································································.（59）
3.1.3 自力更生研制計算機 ··············································································.（60）
3.1.4 第二代和第三代計算機 ···········································································.（61）
3.2 早期的人工智能·························································································.（63）
3.2.1 俄漢自動翻譯電子計算機 ········································································.（63）
3.2.2 智能下棋計算機 ····················································································.（64）
3.2.3 最早的漢字點陣打印裝置 ········································································.（65）
3.2.4 電子式中文快速譯碼機 ···········································································.（66）
3.2.5 人工智能高炮指揮儀 ··············································································.（67）
3.2.6 醫學大數據與中醫專家系統 ·····································································.（67）
3.2.7 生產過程智能控制 ·················································································.（68）
3.2.8 手寫數字和漢語語音識別 ········································································.（70）
3.3 漢字激光照排系統 ·····················································································.（71）
3.3.1 從鉛與火到光與電 ·················································································.（71）
3.3.2 748工程······························································································.（73）
3.3.3 王選的貢獻 ··························································································.（73）
3.3.4 成功的產業化 ·······················································································.（74）
3.4 從語言、邏輯、計算到知識工程 ································································.（75）
3.4.1 廣義短語結構文法分析系統 ·····································································.（75）
3.4.2 可執行時序邏輯語言 ··············································································.（76）
3.4.3 相似性原理 ··························································································.（76）
3.4.4 知識工程語言與計算機輔助動畫生成技術 ···················································.（77）
3.5 數學機械化································································································.（78）
3.5.1 吳文俊的貢獻 ·······················································································.（78）
3.5.2 可讀證明 ·····························································································.（79）
3.5.3 不等式機器證明 ····················································································.（81）
3.5.4 自動推理與智能教育平臺 ········································································.（82）
第4章 搜索與求解·································································································.（84）
4.1 樹的搜索 ···································································································.（84）
4.1.1 樹、網絡與圖 ·······················································································.（84）
4.1.2 24點問題 ····························································································.（85）
4.1.3 八數碼問題 ··························································································.（87）
4.1.4 魔方還原 ·····························································································.（89）
4.2 Alpha-Beta剪枝 ·························································································.（94）
4.2.1 剪枝 ···································································································.（94）
4.2.2 井字棋遊戲 ··························································································.（95）
4.2.3 策略函數和評價函數 ··············································································.（96）
4.2.4 剪枝過程 ·····························································································.（99）
4.2.5 蒙特卡羅樹搜索 ····················································································（103）
4.3 網絡搜索 ···································································································（105）
4.3.1 最短路徑算法 ·······················································································（105）
4.3.2 動態規劃 ·····························································································（109）
4.3.3 A*搜索 ·······························································································（110）
4.4 遺傳算法 ···································································································（111）
4.4.1 旅行商問題 ··························································································（111）
4.4.2 算法過程 ·····························································································（112）
第5章 推理與證明·································································································（116）
5.1 規則匹配的推理·························································································（116）
5.1.1 自動推理中的規則集 ··············································································（116）
5.1.2 匹配、重寫與回溯 ·················································································（117）
5.2 代數計算的機器證明··················································································（118）
5.2.1 初等幾何機械化 ····················································································（118）
5.2.2 吳方法 ································································································（122）
5.2.3 單點和多點例證法 ·················································································（123）
5.2.4 不等式的機器證明 ·················································································（126）
5.3 符號計算 ···································································································（128）
5.3.1 計算機代數 ··························································································（128）
5.3.2 消去法 ································································································（131）
5.3.3 人工智能的符號計算 ··············································································（132）
第6章 會學習的機器·····························································································（134）
6.1 分類算法 ···································································································（134）
6.1.1 支持向量機 ··························································································（134）
6.1.2 樸素貝葉斯算法 ····················································································（135）
6.1.3 K鄰近算法 ··························································································（137）
6.2 聚類算法 ···································································································（138）
6.2.1 K-Means算法 ·······················································································（138）
6.2.2 高斯混合模型 ·······················································································（138）
6.2.3 DBSCAN算法 ······················································································（139）
6.3 回歸算法 ···································································································（140）
6.3.1 線性回歸 ·····························································································（140）
6.3.2 邏輯回歸 ·····························································································（141）
6.3.3 多項式回歸 ··························································································（142）
6.4 群體智能和仿生智能··················································································（143）
6.4.1 群體智能和元胞自動機 ···········································································（143）
6.4.2 蜂群和蟻群算法 ····················································································（145）
第7章 能交流的機器·····························································································（149）
7.1 自然語言理解 ··························································································.（149）
7.1.1 自動分詞 ·····························································································（149）
7.1.2 詞性標註 ·····························································································（150）
7.1.3 句法分析 ·····························································································（151）
7.1.4 語義分析 ·····························································································（152）
7.2 人機對話 ·································································································.（154）
7.2.1 人機對話系統 ·······················································································（154）
7.2.2 人機對話系統結構 ·················································································（155）
7.2.3 人機對話渲染器 ····················································································（155）
7.3 情感計算 ·································································································.（156）
7.3.1 情緒、情感和情感計算 ···········································································（156）
7.3.2 微表情檢測 ··························································································（156）
7.3.3 自然語言情感檢測 ·················································································（159）
7.4 大模型技術································································································（159）
7.4.1 預訓練大模型 ·······················································································（159）
7.4.2 大語言模型 ··························································································（161）
7.4.3 視覺大模型 ··························································································（161）
7.4.4 多模態大模型 ·······················································································（163）
第8章 可辨識的機器·····························································································（165）
8.1 印刷文字識別 ····························································································（165）
8.1.1 車牌識別 ·····························································································（165）
8.1.2 印刷漢字與文檔識別 ··············································································（166）
8.1.3 數學公式識別 ·······················································································（166）
8.2 手寫文字識別 ····························································································（167）
8.2.1 神經網絡的識別方法 ··············································································（167）
8.2.2 手寫識別的數學本質 ··············································································（169）
8.2.3 識別函數的計算過程 ··············································································（170）
8.3 語音識別 ···································································································（172）
8.3.1 語音識別過程 ·······················································································（172）
8.3.2 模板匹配 ·····························································································（173）
8.3.3 語音頻譜圖 ··························································································（174）
8.3.4 頻譜圖的聲音識別應用 ···········································································（176）
8.4 人臉識別 ···································································································（177）
8.4.1 人臉數字化 ··························································································（177）
8.4.2 人臉相似度 ··························································································（181）
第9章 人工智能的未來··························································································（182）
9.1 創造力、藝術與人工智能···········································································（182）
9.1.1 人工智能的創造力 ·················································································（182）
9.1.2 計算機文學創作 ····················································································（183）
9.1.3 計算機藝術創作 ····················································································（184）
9.1.4 計算機科學研究 ····················································································（185）
9.2 自我意識和情感·························································································（186）
9.2.1 自我意識與鏡子測試 ··············································································（186）
9.2.2 機器意識 ·····························································································（187）
9.2.3 機器人與自我意識測試 ···········································································（188）
9.2.4 機器情感 ·····························································································（189）
9.3 機器生命 ···································································································（190）
9.3.1 能自我復制的機器 ·················································································（190）
9.3.2 活在計算機中的機器生命 ········································································（190）
9.3.3 科幻電影中的人工生命 ···········································································（191）
9.3.4 人機結合體 ··························································································（191）
9.4 量子計算與人工智能··················································································（192）
9.4.1 神奇的量子 ··························································································（192）
9.4.2 國外量子計算機技術 ··············································································（193）
9.4.3 中國光量子計算機 ·················································································（195）
9.5 哲學思考：人和機器的關系 ·······································································（196）
9.5.1 人是機器嗎 ··························································································（196）
9.5.2 量變產生質變 ·······················································································（196）
9.5.3 虛擬大腦 ·····························································································（197）
9.5.4 機器人與地球文明 ·················································································（197）
9.5.5 人工智能的潛在風險 ··············································································（198）