模擬電路版圖的藝術(原書第3版·中文導讀版)
[美]艾倫·黑斯廷斯(Alan Hastings) 著 王誌功 編譯
- 出版商: 清華大學
- 出版日期: 2026-06-01
- 售價: $1,074
- 語言: 簡體中文
- ISBN: 7302720266
- ISBN-13: 9787302720263
-
相關分類:
微電子學 Microelectronics
下單後立即進貨 (約4週~6週)
商品描述
作者簡介
目錄大綱
目錄
1Device Physics
1.1Semiconductors
1.1.1Generation and Recombination
1.1.2Extrinsic Semiconductors
1.1.3Diffusion and Drift
1.2PN Junctions
1.2.1Depletion Regions
1.2.2PN Diodes
1.2.3Zener Diodes
1.2.4Schottky Diodes
1.2.5Ohmic Contacts
1.3Bipolar Transistors
1.3.1Beta
1.3.2ⅠⅤ Characteristics
1.4MOS Transistors
1.4.1Threshold Voltage
1.4.2ⅠⅤ Characteristics
1.5JFET Transistors
1.6Summary
2Semiconductor Fabrication
2.1Silicon Manufacture
2.1.1Crystal Growth
2.1.2Wafer Manufacture
2.1.3The Crystal Structure of Silicon
2.2Patterning
2.2.1Photoresists
2.2.2Exposure
2.2.3Development
2.3Oxide Growth and Removal
2.3.1Oxide Growth and Deposition
2.3.2Oxide Removal
2.3.3Other Effects of Oxide Growth and Removal
2.3.4Local Oxidation of Silicon (LOCOS)
2.4Diffusion and Ion Implantation
2.4.1Diffusion
2.4.2Other Effects of Diffusion
2.4.3Ion Implantation
2.5Silicon Deposition and Etching
2.5.1Epitaxy
2.5.2Poly Deposition
2.5.3Silicon etching
2.6Isolation
2.6.1Junction Isolation
2.6.2Dielectric Isolation
2.6.3Wafer Bonding
2.7Interconnection
2.7.1Aluminum
2.7.2Refractory Barrier Metal
2.7.3Silicidation
2.7.4Tungsten Plugs
2.7.5Dielectrics
2.7.6Copper
2.8Assembly
2.8.1Mount and Bond
2.8.2Packaging
2.9Summary
3Layout
3.1Layout Editors
3.1.1Coordinates
3.1.2The Grid
3.1.3Shapes
3.1.4Hierarchy
3.1.5Interchange File Formats
3.2Design Rules
3.2.1Geometric Operations
3.2.2Rule Checks
3.2.3Design Rule Construction
3.3Pattern Generation
3.3.1Optical Pattern Generation
3.3.2Advances in Photolithography
3.3.3MEBES
3.3.4Optical Proximity Correction
3.4Summary
4Representative Processes
4.1Standard Bipolar
4.1.1Essential Features
4.1.2Fabrication Sequence
4.1.3Available Devices
4.1.4Process Extensions
4.2PolyGate CMOS
4.2.1Essential Features
4.2.2Fabrication Sequence
4.2.3Available Devices
4.2.4Process Extensions
4.3Analog BiCMOS
4.3.1Essential Features
4.3.2Fabrication Sequence
4.3.3Available Devices
4.3.4Process Extensions
4.4Summary
5Failure Mechanisms
5.1Electrical Overstress
5.1.1SelfHeating
5.1.2Filamentation
5.1.3Electromigration
5.1.4Timedependent Dielectric Breakdown
5.1.5Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
5.1.6The Antenna Effect
5.2Contamination
5.2.1Dry Corrosion
5.2.2Mobile Ion Contamination
5.3Surface Effects
5.3.1HotCarrier Injection in MOS Transistors
5.3.2Zener Walkout and Walkback
5.3.3AvalancheInduced Beta Degradation
5.3.4NegativeBias Temperature Instability
5.3.5Parasitic Channels and Charge Spreading
5.3.6Substrate Influence
5.4Minority Carrier Injection
5.4.1Minority Carrier Injection
5.4.2Latchup
5.4.3Debiasing
5.4.4Guard Rings
5.5Summary
6Resistors
6.1Resistivity and Sheet Resistance
6.2Resistor Layout
6.3Resistor Variability
6.3.1Process Variation
6.3.2Temperature Variation
6.3.3Nonlinearity and Conductivity Modulation
6.3.4Contact Resistance
6.3.5Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation
6.4Resistor Parasitics
6.5Comparison of Available Resistors
6.5.1Base Resistors
6.5.2Emitter Resistors
6.5.3Base Pinch Resistors
6.5.4HighSheet Resistors
6.5.5Epi Pinch Resistors
6.5.6Metal Resistors
6.5.7Poly Resistors
6.5.8NSD and PSD Resistors
6.5.9NWell Resistors
6.5.10ThinFilm Resistors
6.5.11Summary of Available Resistor Types
6.6Adjusting Resistor Values
6.6.1Tweaking Resistors
6.6.2Trimming Resistors
6.7Summary
7Capacitors and Inductors
7.1Capacitance
7.1.1Capacitor Variability
7.1.2Capacitor Parasitics
7.1.3Comparison of Available Capacitors
7.2Inductance
7.2.1Inductor Parasitics
7.2.2Inductor Construction
7.3Summary
8Matching of Resistors and Capacitors
8.1Mismatch
8.2Causes of Mismatch
8.2.1Random Variation
8.2.2Process Biases
8.2.3Proximity Effects
8.2.4Interconnection Parasitics
8.2.5NBL Shadow
8.2.6Hydrogenation
8.2.7Temperature
8.2.8Mechanical Stress and Package Shift
8.2.9Electric Fields
8.3Rules for Device Matching
8.3.1Rules for Resistor Matching
8.3.2Rules for Capacitor Matching
8.4Summary
9Bipolar Transistors
9.1Bipolar Transistor Operation
9.1.1Beta Variation
9.1.2Avalanche Breakdown
9.1.3Saturation in NPN Transistors
9.1.4Saturation in Lateral PNP Transistors
9.2Standard Bipolar SmallSignal Transistors
9.2.1The Standard Bipolar Vertical NPN Transistor
9.2.2The Standard Bipolar Substrate PNP Transistor
9.2.3The Standard Bipolar Lateral PNP Transistor
9.2.4HighVoltage Bipolar Transistors
9.2.5SuperBeta NPN Transistors
9.3CMOS and BiCMOS SmallSignal Bipolar
Transistors
9.3.1Analog CMOS PNP Transistors
9.3.2ShallowWell Transistors
9.3.3Analog BiCMOS NPN Transistors
9.3.4Analog BiCMOS Lateral PNP Transistors
9.3.5Fast Bipolar Transistors
9.4Summary
10Applications of Bipolar Transistors
10.1Power Bipolar Transistors
10.1.1Failure Mechanisms of Bipolar Power
Transistors
10.1.2Standard Bipolar Power NPN Transistors
10.1.3Standard Bipolar Power PNP Transistors
10.1.4Advanced Power Bipolar Transistors
10.1.5Saturation Detection and Limiting
10.2Matching Bipolar Transistors
10.2.1Random Variations
10.2.2Emitter Degeneration
10.2.3Thermal Gradients
10.2.4Mechanical Stress
10.2.5NBL Shadow
10.2.6Other Causes of Systematic Mismatch in Bipolar Transistors
10.3Rules for Bipolar Transistor Matching
10.3.1Rules for Matching Vertical Transistors
10.3.2Rules for Matching Lateral Transistors
10.4Summary
11Diodes
11.1Diodes in Standard Bipolar
11.1.1DiodeConnected Transistors
11.1.2Zener Diodes
11.1.3Schottky Diodes
11.1.4BaseCollector Power Diodes
11.2Diodes in CMOS and BiCMOS Processes
11.2.1CMOS Junction Diodes
11.2.2Analog BiCMOS Junction Diodes
11.2.3CMOS and Analog BiCMOS Schottky Diodes
11.3Matching Diodes
11.3.1Matching PN Junction Diodes
11.3.2Matching Zener Diodes
11.3.3Matching Schottky Diodes
11.3.4Rules for Matching Diodes
11.4Summary
12FieldEffect Transistors
12.1MOS Transistor Operation
12.1.1Device Transconductance
12.1.2Threshold Voltage
12.1.3Additional Modeling Considerations
12.1.4Breakdown in MOS Transistors
12.2Constructing CMOS Transistors
12.2.1Coding the MOS Transistor
12.2.2Wells and Tanks
12.2.3Channel Stop Implants
12.2.4Threshold Adjust Implants
12.2.5Multiple Gate Oxides
12.2.6Scaling the Transistor
12.2.7Drain Engineering of CMOS Transistors
12.2.8Variant CMOS Layouts
12.2.9Backgate Contacts
12.3Nonvolatile Memory
12.3.1The FloatingGate Transistor
12.3.2SinglePoly EPROM
12.3.3SinglePoly EEPROM
12.4The JFET Transistor
12.4.1Modeling the JFET
12.4.2JFET Construction
12.5Summary
13Applications of MOS Transistors
13.1Power MOS Transistors
13.1.1Conduction Losses
13.1.2Switching Losses
13.1.3Safe Operating Area
13.1.4CMOS Power Transistors
13.1.5HighVoltage Transistors
13.2Matching MOS Transistors
13.2.1Effects of Geometry upon Matching
13.2.2Diffusion, Implantation, Etch, and Trench
Effects
13.2.3BiasDependent Mismatches
13.2.4Hydrogenation
13.2.5Gradients
13.2.6CommonCentroid Layout of MOS Transistors
13.3Rules for MOS Transistor Matching
13.4Summary
14Special Topics
14.1Merged Devices
14.1.1Problematic Device Mergers
14.1.2Successful Device Mergers
14.1.3LowRisk Device Mergers
14.1.4MediumRisk Device Mergers
14.1.5Devising New Device Mergers
14.2MinorityCarrier Guard Rings
14.2.1Standard Bipolar Electron Guard Rings
14.2.2Standard Bipolar Hole Guard Rings
14.2.3CMOS Electron Guard Rings
14.2.4CMOS Hole Guard Rings
14.2.5BiCMOS Electron Guard Rings
14.2.6BiCMOS Hole Guard Rings
14.3SingleLevel Interconnection
14.3.1Mock Layouts
14.3.2Techniques for Crossing Leads
14.3.3Types of Tunnels
14.4ESD Protection
14.4.1Primary ESD Protection
14.4.2Secondary ESD Protection
14.4.3DieLevel ESD Protection Strategies
14.5Summary
15Assembling the Die
15.1Die Area Estimation
15.1.1Partitioning and Populating the Database
15.1.2Computing Cell Areas
15.1.3Estimating Die Areas
15.1.4Cost Estimation
15.2Floorplanning
15.3Constructing the Padring
15.3.1Scribe Streets
15.3.2Scribe Seals and Ground Rings
15.3.3Bondpads
15.3.4Solder Bumps and Copper Pillars
15.4Manual TopLevel Interconnection
15.4.1Vias
15.4.2Routing Pitches and Grids
15.4.3Channel Routing
15.4.4Special Routing Techniques
15.5Final Layout Checklist
15.6Conclusion
Appendices
ATable of Acronyms Used in the Text
BThe Miller Indices of a Cubic Crystal
CSample Layout Rules
DMathematical Derivations
EThe Rule of OneThird
第1章器件物理
1.1半導體
1.1.1產生與復合
1.1.2非本征半導體
1.1.3擴散與漂移
1.2PN結
1.2.1耗盡區
1.2.2PN結二極管
1.2.3齊納二極管
1.2.4肖特基二極管
1.2.5歐姆接觸
1.3雙極型晶體管
1.3.1電流放大系數(β)
1.3.2伏安特性
1.4MOS晶體管
1.4.1閾值電壓
1.4.2伏安特性
1.5JFET晶體管
1.6總結
第2章半導體制造
2.1矽的制備
2.1.1晶體生長
2.1.2晶圓制造
2.1.3矽的晶體結構
2.2圖形化工藝
2.2.1光刻膠
2.2.2曝光
2.2.3顯影
2.3氧化層生長與去除
2.3.1氧化層生長與澱積
2.3.2氧化層去除
2.3.3氧化層生長與去除的其他影響
2.3.4矽的局部氧化(LOCOS)
2.4擴散與離子註入
2.4.1擴散
2.4.2擴散的其他影響
2.4.3離子註入
2.5矽的澱積與刻蝕
2.5.1外延
2.5.2多晶矽澱積
2.5.3矽刻蝕
2.6隔離技術
2.6.1結隔離
2.6.2介質隔離
2.6.3晶圓鍵合
2.7互連技術
2.7.1鋁
2.7.2難熔阻擋金屬
2.7.3矽化
2.7.4鎢塞
2.7.5介質材料
2.7.6銅
2.8組裝工藝
2.8.1裝片與鍵合
2.8.2封裝
2.9總結
第3章版圖設計
3.1版圖編輯器
3.1.1坐標
3.1.2網格
3.1.3圖形
3.1.4層次結構
3.1.5交換文件格式
3.2設計規則
3.2.1幾何運算
3.2.2規則檢查
3.2.3設計規則制定
3.3圖形生成
3.3.1光學圖形生成
3.3.2光刻技術的進展
3.3.3MEBES
3.3.4光學鄰近校正
3.4總結
第4章典型工藝
4.1標準雙極型工藝
4.1.1核心特征
4.1.2制造流程
4.1.3可用器件
4.1.4工藝擴展
4.2多晶矽柵CMOS工藝
4.2.1核心特征
4.2.2制造流程
4.2.3可用器件
4.2.4工藝擴展
4.3模擬BiCMOS工藝
4.3.1核心特征
4.3.2制造流程
4.3.3可用器件
4.3.4工藝擴展
4.4總結
第5章失效機制
5.1電氣過應力
5.1.1自熱
5.1.2絲狀化
5.1.3電遷移
5.1.4時間相關介質擊穿
5.1.5靜電放電(ESD)
5.1.6天線效應
5.2汙染
5.2.1幹腐蝕
5.2.2可動離子汙染
5.3表面效應
5.3.1MOS晶體管中的熱載流子註入
5.3.2齊納電壓漂移與回漂
5.3.3雪崩誘導電流放大系數退化
5.3.4負偏壓溫度不穩定性
5.3.5寄生溝道與電荷擴散
5.3.6襯底影響
5.4少數載流子註入
5.4.1基本概念
5.4.2閂鎖效應
5.4.3去偏置
5.4.4保護環
5.5總結
第6章電阻
6.1電阻率與薄層電阻
6.2電阻版圖
6.3電阻的變異性
6.3.1工藝變異
6.3.2溫度變異
6.3.3非線性與電導調制
6.3.4接觸電阻
6.3.5氫化與脫氫
6.4電阻的寄生效應
6.5各類電阻的比較
6.5.1基區電阻
6.5.2發射區電阻
6.5.3基區夾斷電阻
6.5.4高薄層電阻
6.5.5外延層夾斷電阻
6.5.6金屬電阻
6.5.7多晶矽電阻
6.5.8NSD與PSD電阻
6.5.9N阱電阻
6.5.10薄膜電阻
6.5.11各類電阻總結
6.6電阻值調整
6.6.1微調電阻
6.6.2修調電阻
6.7總結
第7章電容與電感
7.1電容
7.1.1電容的變異性
7.1.2電容的寄生效應
7.1.3各類電容的比較
7.2電感
7.2.1電感的寄生效應
7.2.2電感的結構
7.3總結
第8章電阻與電容的匹配
8.1失配
8.2失配的成因
8.2.1隨機變異
8.2.2工藝偏差
8.2.3鄰近效應
8.2.4互連寄生效應
8.2.5N型埋層陰影效應
8.2.6氫化
8.2.7溫度
8.2.8熱電效應
8.2.9電場
8.3器件匹配規則
8.3.1電阻匹配規則
8.3.2電容匹配規則
8.4總結
第9章雙極型晶體管
9.1 雙極型晶體管的工作原理
9.1.1電流放大系數(β)變異
9.1.2雪崩擊穿
9.1.3NPN晶體管的飽和
9.1.4橫向PNP晶體管的飽和
9.2標準雙極型小信號晶體管
9.2.1標準雙極型縱向NPN晶體管
9.2.2標準雙極型襯底PNP晶體管
9.2.3標準雙極型橫向PNP晶體管
9.2.4高壓雙極型晶體管
9.2.5超β NPN晶體管
9.3CMOS與BiCMOS小信號雙極型
晶體管
9.3.1模擬CMOS PNP晶體管
9.3.2淺阱晶體管
9.3.3模擬BiCMOS NPN晶體管
9.3.4模擬BiCMOS橫向PNP晶體管
9.3.5高速雙極型晶體管
9.4總結
第10章雙極型晶體管的應用
10.1功率雙極型晶體管
10.1.1功率雙極型晶體管的失效機制
10.1.2標準功率雙極型NPN晶體管
10.1.3標準功率雙極PNP晶體管
10.1.4先進功率雙極型晶體管
10.1.5飽和檢測與限制
10.2雙極型晶體管的匹配
10.2.1隨機變異
10.2.2發射區退化
10.2.3熱梯度
10.2.4機械應力
10.2.5N型埋層陰影效應
10.2.6雙極型晶體管系統性失配的
其他成因
10.3雙極型晶體管匹配規則
10.3.1縱向晶體管匹配規則
10.3.2橫向晶體管匹配規則
10.4總結
第11章二極管
11.1標準雙極工藝中的二極管
11.1.1二極管連接的晶體管
11.1.2齊納二極管
11.1.3肖特基二極管
11.1.4基極集電極功率二極管
11.2CMOS與BiCMOS工藝中的二極管
11.2.1CMOS結二極管
11.2.2模擬BiCMOS結二極管
11.2.3CMOS與模擬BiCMOS肖特基二極管
11.3二極管的匹配
11.3.1PN結二極管的匹配
11.3.2齊納二極管的匹配
11.3.3肖特基二極管的匹配
11.3.4二極管匹配規則
11.4總結
第12章場效應晶體管
12.1MOS晶體管的工作原理
12.1.1器件跨導
12.1.2閾值電壓
12.1.3其他建模考慮因素
12.1.4MOS晶體管的擊穿
12.2CMOS晶體管的結構
12.2.1MOS晶體管的編碼
12.2.2阱與槽
12.2.3溝道阻擋註入
12.2.4閾值調整註入
12.2.5多柵氧化層
12.2.6晶體管縮放
12.2.7CMOS晶體管的漏區工程
12.2.8變異CMOS版圖
12.2.9背柵接觸
12.3非易失性存儲器
12.3.1浮柵晶體管
12.3.2單多晶矽EPROM
12.3.3單多晶矽EEPROM
12.4JFET晶體管
12.4.1JFET的建模
12.4.2JFET的結構
12.5總結
第13章MOS晶體管的應用
13.1功率MOS晶體管
13.1.1導通損耗
13.1.2開關損耗
13.1.3安全工作區
13.1.4CMOS功率晶體管
13.1.5高壓晶體管
13.2MOS晶體管的匹配
13.2.1幾何形狀對匹配的影響
13.2.2擴散、註入、刻蝕與溝槽
效應
13.2.3偏置相關失配
13.2.4氫化
13.2.5梯度
13.2.6MOS晶體管的共重心版圖
13.3MOS晶體管匹配規則
13.4總結
第14章專題內容
14.1合並器件
14.1.1有問題的器件合並
14.1.2成功的器件合並
14.1.3低風險器件合並
14.1.4中風險器件合並
14.1.5新型器件合並的設計
14.2少數載流子保護環
14.2.1標準雙極電子保護環
14.2.2標準雙極空穴保護環
14.2.3CMOS電子保護環
14.2.4CMOS空穴保護環
14.2.5BiCMOS電子保護環
14.2.6BiCMOS空穴保護環
14.3單層互連
14.3.1模擬版圖
14.3.2引線交叉技術
14.3.3溝槽類型
14.4ESD保護
14.4.1初級ESD保護
14.4.2次級ESD保護
14.4.3芯片級ESD保護策略
14.5總結
第15章芯片組裝
15.1芯片面積估算
15.1.1數據庫分區與填充
15.1.2單元面積計算
15.1.3芯片面積估算
15.1.4成本估算
15.2布局規劃
15.3焊盤環設計
15.3.1劃片道
15.3.2劃片密封環與接地環
15.3.3焊盤
15.3.4焊球與銅柱
15.4頂層手動互連
15.4.1過孔
15.4.2布線間距與網格
15.4.3通道布線
15.4.4特殊布線技術
15.5最終版圖檢查清單
15.6結論
附錄
A文中使用的縮寫詞表
B立方晶體的米勒指數
C版圖規則示例
D數學推導
E三分之一法則







