Tipping Elements in the Earth's Climate System: Exploring the Use of Earth Observations to Improve Understanding and Monitoring Capability
暫譯: 地球氣候系統中的臨界元素：探索利用地球觀測提升理解與監測能力

本書探討了氣候臨界點所帶來的日益科學關注——這些是地球系統中可能發生的突發且潛在不可逆轉的變化，即使在適度的全球暖化下也可能出現。書中探討了幾個關鍵範例，包括格陵蘭和西南極冰蓋的融化、大西洋經度翻轉環流的擾動，以及從融化的永久凍土中釋放的溫室氣體。在過去三十年中，地球觀測衛星已成為檢測和追蹤這些變化的重要工具，通過測量關鍵氣候變數來實現。基於2022年在伯恩舉行的ISSI研討會的見解，本書呈現了當前的觀點，探討衛星數據如何推進臨界點的科學，並支持評估和管理相關風險的努力。

摘自《地球物理學調查》，特刊：地球氣候系統中的臨界元素，卷46，第2期，2025年。

Sophie Hebden is a Climate Applications Scientist at the European Space Agency (ESA), specializing in land surface processes and the terrestrial carbon and water cycles. She leads a portfolio of research and development projects under ESA's Climate Change Initiative, producing satellite-based climate data records at the global scale. Previously, she worked with Future Earth, where she coordinated Earth observation-focused projects and workshops. Since 2019, she has served as a coordinating author of the annual 10 New Insights in Climate Science report. Sophie holds a Ph.D. in Space Physics from the University of Leicester (UK) and a Master's degree in Science Communication from Imperial College London (UK).
Michael Rast studied geology and geoscientific remote sensing at Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich. He later joined ESA, where he helped define mission and science requirements for Earth observation satellites. After spending a research year at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he earned a doctorate in imaging spectroscopy from space. Following a secondment to the GEO Secretariat in Geneva as a Senior Programme Officer, he led the Science Strategy Office at ESA-ESRIN in Frascati, Italy. In 2017, he became Senior Advisor to the Director of Earth Observation Programmes. Since retiring from ESA in 2022, he has served as Director of Earth Sciences at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. Michael Rast is also a Professor of Terrestrial Remote Sensing in the Department of Geography at Ludwig-Maximilians University.
Narelle van der Wel is a Science and Communications Officer at the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Secretariat, hosted by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in Geneva. She works across several areas including strategic planning and implementation, science coordination, and communication and outreach. Narelle earned a Ph.D. in Polar Studies (Glaciology) from the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge (UK), where she focused on the numerical modeling of Antarctic ice streams. She later worked as a Postdoctoral Research Assistant at the same institute, modeling glacier flow in Greenland. In 2018, she completed a Postgraduate Certificate in Climate Change Management at the University of Edinburgh.
Hannah Liddy is the Executive Director of the Analysis, Integration, and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES), a global research network of Future Earth, hosted at the Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University and the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Through AIMES, She leads interdisciplinary initiatives that integrate climate, ecosystem, and social systems research. Her work has contributed to syntheses of past abrupt climate change events, climate tipping points, and cascading impacts in the Earth system. She has also helped design model intercomparison experiments assessing the risks of crossing critical Earth system thresholds, using both coupled Earth system models and domain-specific tools. Her current research explores tipping dynamics under zero-emissions scenarios and their associated risks. She holds a Ph.D. in Geological Sciences from the University of Southern California and has published widely on carbon cycling, tipping points, and Earth system interactions.
Richard Wood leads the Climate, Cryosphere and Oceans group in the Met Office Hadley Centre. He was a founder member of the Met Office Hadley Centre in 1990. He trained as an applied mathematician, and was a member of the original teams that developed the ocean component of the Unified Model, and later the Met Office climate models Met Office climate prediction model: HadCM2 and Met Office climate prediction model: HadCM3.

Sophie Hebden 是歐洲太空總署 (ESA) 的氣候應用科學家，專注於地表過程以及陸地碳和水循環。她負責 ESA 氣候變遷倡議下的一系列研究與開發專案，產出全球範圍的衛星氣候數據記錄。她曾在 Future Earth 工作，協調以地球觀測為重點的專案和研討會。自 2019 年以來，她擔任每年《氣候科學新見解》報告的協調作者。Sophie 擁有英國萊斯特大學的太空物理學博士學位，以及英國倫敦帝國學院的科學傳播碩士學位。
Michael Rast 在慕尼黑的路德維希-馬克西米利安大學學習地質學和地球科學遙感。之後，他加入 ESA，協助定義地球觀測衛星的任務和科學需求。在 NASA 的噴氣推進實驗室度過了一年的研究後，他獲得了太空成像光譜學的博士學位。隨後，他被派駐到日內瓦的 GEO 秘書處擔任高級項目官，並在意大利弗拉斯卡蒂的 ESA-ESRIN 領導科學戰略辦公室。2017 年，他成為地球觀測計畫主任的高級顧問。自 2022 年從 ESA 退休以來，他擔任瑞士伯恩國際空間科學研究所 (ISSI) 的地球科學主任。Michael Rast 也是路德維希-馬克西米利安大學地理系的陸地遙感教授。
Narelle van der Wel 是世界氣候研究計畫 (WCRP) 秘書處的科學與傳播官，該秘書處由日內瓦的世界氣象組織 (WMO) 主辦。她在多個領域工作，包括戰略規劃與實施、科學協調以及溝通與外展。Narelle 擁有劍橋大學 (UK) 斯科特極地研究所的極地研究 (冰川學) 博士學位，專注於南極冰流的數值建模。她後來在同一研究所擔任博士後研究助理，對格林蘭的冰川流動進行建模。2018 年，她在愛丁堡大學完成了氣候變遷管理的研究生證書。
Hannah Liddy 是地球系統分析、整合與建模 (AIMES) 的執行董事，這是一個全球性的 Future Earth 研究網絡，主辦單位為哥倫比亞大學的氣候系統研究中心和 NASA 戈達德太空研究所。通過 AIMES，她領導跨學科的倡議，整合氣候、生態系統和社會系統的研究。她的工作對過去突發氣候變化事件、氣候臨界點和地球系統中的連鎖影響的綜合研究做出了貢獻。她還幫助設計模型比較實驗，評估跨越關鍵地球系統閾值的風險，使用耦合的地球系統模型和特定領域的工具。她目前的研究探討在零排放情境下的臨界動態及其相關風險。她擁有南加州大學的地質科學博士學位，並在碳循環、臨界點和地球系統互動方面發表了廣泛的研究。
Richard Wood 在英國氣象局哈德利中心領導氣候、冰凍圈和海洋小組。他是 1990 年哈德利中心的創始成員之一。他接受了應用數學的訓練，並且是最初開發統一模型的海洋組件的團隊成員之一，後來又參與了英國氣象局的氣候模型：HadCM2 和 HadCM3 的開發。