The Three Poles of the Earth: Challenges to Sustainable Development in Fragile Environments
暫譯: 地球的三極：脆弱環境中可持續發展的挑戰

Xin Li is currently a professor and deputy director at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research (ITP), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and holds the position of director at the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center at ITP/CAS. His primary research focuses on land data assimilation, remote sensing, and integrated modeling of hydrological and cryospheric processes at the river basin scale. Dr. Li earned the B.S. degree in GIS and Cartography from Nanjing University in 1992 and the Ph.D. degree in Remote Sensing and GIS from CAS in 1998. He was a member of WCRP GEWEX (World Climate Research Programme/ The Global Energy and Water Exchanges) scientific steering committee and is presently a member of the International Science Advisory Panel of Global Water Futures programme. Dr. Li also serves on the editorial boards of Science Bulletin, Science China Earth Science, Journal of Hydrology, Vadose Zone Journal, Remote Sensing, Big Earth Data, and other international journals. He has published over 500 journal articles and coauthored 10 books. The total citations of Dr. Li's publications exceed 26,000, with h-indexes of 75+. Dr. Li is the lead scientist of WATER (Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research, 2007-2010) and HiWATER (Heihe Watershed Allied Telemetry Experimental Research, 2012-2017), which are two comprehensive remote sensing ecohydrology experiments conducted sequentially in recent years in China. Currently, he has led the "CASEarth Poles: Big Data for the Three Poles" Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He has been a recipient of the First-Class Natural Science Prize and the First-Class Science and Technology Progress Prize of Gansu Province, and the Outstanding Science and Technology Achievement Prize of the CAS.

Anmin Duan is a distinguished professor at Xiamen University since 2021, the leader of Center for Marine Meteorology and Climate Change, Xiamen University since 2023, and a recipient of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars. He served at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences from 2003 to 2021. He holds positions as a distinguished researcher at the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, a member of the Chinese Committee for the Global Energy and Water Exchanges Project (GEWEX), a member of the Chinese Committee for Future Earth, and an executive member of China Society on Tibetan Plateau. He has received awards such as the Zhao Jiuzhang Outstanding Young Scientist Award. His research primarily focuses on the meteorology of the Tibetan Plateau, land-air-sea interactions in the Asian monsoon region, and climate change. He systematically studies and summarizes the physical conceptual model of the interaction between the atmospheric heat source of the Tibetan Plateau and global sea temperatures and their synergistic impact on the variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. His research reveals several new climate teleconnections among the Earth's three poles. He has led major projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, including key projects, international collaboration projects, general projects, and a Category A project under the Chinese Academy of Sciences Pilot Program on "Multi-layered Interactions within the Three-Pole Climate System".

Donghui Shangguan is a professor at the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, mainly engaged in the research of glacier resources, glacier disasters, and hydrology in cold regions. He is a member of GLIMS (Global land ice measurements from space), Vice President of the Gansu Provincial Geographical Society, and editorial board member of the Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology. He participated in the 21st Century Climate Center project of the Ministry of Science and Technology: Report on the Impact Assessment of Glacier melting on the Economic and Social Development of the arid areas in Northwest China and its adaptation Strategy, and wrote related reports. His achievements include: Using remote sensing data and the first glacier inventory data, he investigated the change characteristics of the glaciers in Tarim River in recent 40 years, revealed the response characteristics of the glacier changes in Tarim River to climate change, and found that there are surging glaciers in the Karakoram Mountains, which provides data basis for the sudden glacier flood in the study area. Furthermore, he used GPS-RTK to investigate the change of 17 glacier surface elevations for the first time in Qilian Mountain, Gongge Mountain, Tianshan Bogda, and Tianshan Tomur and the status quo of glacier lake and glacier terminal lake. A method of extracting glacial lake area parameters based on an environmental disaster satellite was developed, and an early warning model of glacial lake outburst index was proposed, which was successfully applied to the sudden flood warning of glacial lake in the upper reaches of Aksu River. More than 80 papers have been published in GRL, Cryosphere, Journal of Glaciology, and other journals, 50 of which have been included in SCI/EI.

Lei Wang is now a full professor and group leader at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. His current research is focused on climate change and water cycle over the Third Pole region, for an improved predictability of regional water resources and water-related disasters.

Chaolun Li is presently a professor and the director of the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His primary research focuses on the marine ecology of China's coastal areas, polar regions, and the deep-sea. He has studied marine ecosystems in polar regions for over 30 years, and has worked in both the Arctic and Southern Oceans. His research career started with a PhD studying the feeding of dominant zooplankton species in a variety of marine environments including the Southern Ocean. He has worked at the University of Tromso (now the Arctic University of Norway) and the University of Connecticut as a visiting scientist. His main research themes in the Southern Ocean include feeding strategies of dominant zooplankton species, zooplankton community structure and diversity, the influence of zooplankton on carbon flux of the high latitude region, and long-term dynamics of dominant zooplankton species and community. With over 160 papers, his research has been widely disseminated and cited.

Tao Che is a professor at the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, the header of the Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Laboratory, winner of the Distinguished Young Scholars Fund, and. He is also the director of the Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He has been engaged in snow remote sensing research for a long time, and his main academic achievements include: (1) conducting long-term snowfield observations in the three major snowfall areas of China, establishing the first comprehensive snow observation station in China in the Qilian Mountains, leading the snow team to carry out ground surveys of snow, and obtaining the characteristics and distribution of snow in China; (2) developing microwave remote sensing algorithms suitable for the characteristics of Chinese snow, being the first to propose dynamic remote sensing algorithms with snow characteristics as a priori information, and conducting innovative research on the low accuracy of snow remote sensing in complex environments such as mountainous and forested areas; (3) developing long time series of snow depth remote sensing products in China, which have been downloaded by domestic and foreign scholars more than 1,300 times and widely applied in the fields of climate change, hydrology and water resources, and disaster studies. He has published more than 100 academic papers, co-authored 10 monographs, formulated 2 national standards, and obtained 4 national invention patents. He was awarded the First-Class Science and Technology Progress Prize of Gansu Province and the First-Class Prize for surveying and mapping technology progress.

Xinwu Li is currently a professor/doctoral supervisor at the International Research Center for Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals (CBAS) and Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (AIRCAS). His research interests include microwave remote sensing, glacier hydrology remote sensing, and vegetation ecological remote sensing. A series of high-level achievements in the fields of interferometric SAR, tomographic SAR, and ultra-high resolution SAR information processing and environmental parameter estimation methods and applications, the remote sensing comparison and correlation scientific cognition of hydrology and vegetation ecological environment of the earth's three polar glaciers, and the global forest ecological remote sensing model and method and information service platform system have been achieved. He has published 175 papers in journals such as National Science Review, The Innovation, Science Bulletin, TGRS, and BAMES, among which 76 are SCI papers (47 are first author/correspondence). Co-author six books: "The Cryospheric Remote Sensing", "New generation SAR for Earth Environment Observation" (Chinese and English versions), "The Three Poles of the Earth: Global Change Outposts, Earth's Three Poles: Challenges to Sustainable Development in Fragile Environments, Global Change Science Satellite and Remote Sensing Time Series: Revealing Land Surface Dynamics; The related achievements have won the United Nations Global Pulse Award and Beijing Science and Technology Award (Basic category). He is currently a Member of the China-EU Expert Committee on Land and Soil (SEPLS), the Co-Chairman of the Working Group on Environmental Change of the DBAR International Scientific Program (DBAR-ENVI), and the Vice Chairman of the Digital Polar Expert Committee of the ISDE Chinese National Committee. Vice Chairman of the CARSA Ecological Meteorological Remote Sensing Committee and a standing member of the Radar Remote Sensing Committee of China Remote Sensing Application Association.

Rui Jin is a professor at the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and holds the position of deputy director of the Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Laboratory. Her primary research focuses on remote sensing of cryosphere, remote sensing of hydrology, land data assimilation, as well as the validation of quantitative remote sensing products. Dr. Jin earned the B.S. degree in Cartography and GIS from Northwest University in 1997 and the Ph.D. degree in Remote Sensing and GIS from CAS in 2007. She has published over 100 journal articles and coauthored 3 books, formulated 1 national standard (GB/T 40039-2021), The total citations of Dr. Jin's publications exceed 5,800, with h-indexes of 38. Dr. Jin is also a member of Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS, and holds positions as a distinguished researcher at the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals. She won the First-Class Science and Technology Progress Prize of Gansu Province and the First-Class Prize in surveying and mapping technology progress.

Youhua Ran is currently a professor at the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), and holds a position as a distinguished researcher at the International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals. His primary research focuses on remote sensing big data analysis, machine learning, and artificial intelligence for detecting the distribution, and changes of permafrost, and related hydrological, ecological, and social impacts. Dr. Ran earned the B.S. degree in Management from Lanzhou University in 2004 and the Ph.D. degree in Remote Sensing and GIS from CAS in 2017. He was a member of the Digital Mountain Committee of Chinese National Committee of International Society for Digital Earth. Dr. Ran also serves on the editorial boards of Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, and other journals. He has published over 100 journal articles and coauthored 4 books. The total citations of Dr. Ran's publications exceed 5,000.

李新目前是中國科學院西藏高原研究所（ITP）的教授及副所長，並擔任ITP/CAS國家西藏高原數據中心的主任。他的主要研究集中在土地數據同化、遙感以及流域尺度的水文和冰凍圈過程的綜合建模。李博士於1992年獲得南京大學地理信息系統與製圖學學士學位，並於1998年獲得中國科學院遙感與GIS博士學位。他曾是WCRP GEWEX（世界氣候研究計劃/全球能量與水交換）科學指導委員會的成員，目前是全球水資源未來計劃的國際科學諮詢小組成員。李博士還擔任《科學通報》、《中國科學：地球科學》、《水文學雜誌》、《濕潤區雜誌》、《遙感》、《大地數據》等國際期刊的編輯委員會成員。他已發表超過500篇期刊文章，並共同編著10本書籍。李博士的出版物總引用次數超過26,000次，h指數超過75。李博士是WATER（流域聯合遙測實驗研究，2007-2010）和HiWATER（黑河流域聯合遙測實驗研究，2012-2017）的首席科學家，這是近年來在中國進行的兩個綜合遙感生態水文實驗。目前，他領導中國科學院的「CASEarth Poles: Big Data for the Three Poles」項目。他曾獲得甘肅省一級自然科學獎和一級科技進步獎，以及中國科學院的優秀科技成就獎。

段安敏自2021年起擔任廈門大學的特聘教授，自2023年起成為廈門大學海洋氣象與氣候變化中心的負責人，並獲得國家優秀青年科學基金。他於2003年至2021年在中國科學院大氣物理研究所工作。他擔任可持續發展目標大數據國際研究中心的特聘研究員、中國全球能量與水交換計劃（GEWEX）委員會成員、中國未來地球委員會成員，以及中國西藏高原學會的執行委員。他曾獲得趙九章優秀青年科學家獎。他的研究主要集中在西藏高原的氣象、亞洲季風區的陸氣海相互作用以及氣候變化。他系統地研究和總結了西藏高原大氣熱源與全球海洋溫度之間相互作用的物理概念模型及其對東亞夏季季風變異性的協同影響。他的研究揭示了地球三極之間幾個新的氣候遙聯。他主導了多個由中國國家自然科學基金資助的重大項目，包括關鍵項目、國際合作項目、一般項目以及中國科學院「三極氣候系統內多層次相互作用」試點計劃下的A類項目。

尚冠東輝是中國科學院西北生態環境資源研究所的教授，主要從事冰川資源、冰川災害和寒冷地區水文的研究。他是GLIMS（全球陸地冰測量）成員，甘肅省地理學會副會長，以及《冰川學與凍土學雜誌》的編輯委員會成員。他參與了科技部21世紀氣候中心項目：報告冰川融化對中國西北乾旱地區經濟和社會發展的影響評估及其適應策略，並撰寫了相關報告。他的成就包括：利用遙感數據和首個冰川清單數據，調查了塔里木河冰川在過去40年的變化特徵，揭示了塔里木河冰川變化對氣候變化的響應特徵，並發現喀喇昆侖山有冰川湧現，為研究區域的突發冰川洪水提供了數據基礎。此外，他首次使用GPS-RTK調查了祁連山、恭格山、天山博格達和天山托木爾的17條冰川表面高程變化及冰川湖和冰川末端湖的現狀。開發了一種基於環境災害衛星的冰川湖面積參數提取方法，並提出了冰川湖突發指數的預警模型，成功應用於阿克蘇河上游冰川湖的突發洪水預警。他在《地球物理研究快報》、《凍土》、《冰川學雜誌》等期刊上發表了80多篇論文，其中50篇被SCI/EI收錄。

王雷目前是中國科學院西藏高原研究所（CAS）及中國科學院大學的全職教授和研究小組負責人。他目前的研究集中在第三極地區的氣候變化和水循環，以提高區域水資源和水相關災害的可預測性。

李超倫目前是中國科學院南海海洋研究所的教授及所長。他的主要研究集中在中國沿海地區、極地和深海的海洋生態學。他在極地地區的海洋生態系統研究已有超過30年，並在北極和南極海域工作過。他的研究生涯始於博士研究，研究各種海洋環境中優勢浮游動物物種的攝食。他曾在特羅姆瑟大學（現為挪威北極大學）和康涅狄格大學擔任訪問科學家。他在南極的主要研究主題包括優勢浮游動物物種的攝食策略、浮游動物社群結構和多樣性、浮游動物對高緯度地區碳通量的影響，以及優勢浮游動物物種和社群的長期動態。他發表了超過160篇論文，研究成果廣泛傳播並被引用。

車濤是中國科學院西北生態環境資源研究所的教授，遙感與地理信息科學研究實驗室的負責人，並獲得優秀青年科學基金。他還是中國科學院黑河遙感實驗研究站的主任。他長期從事雪遙感研究，主要學術成就包括：（1）在中國三大降雪區進行長期雪場觀測，在祁連山建立中國首個綜合雪觀測站，帶領雪隊進行雪的地面調查，獲得中國雪的特徵和分佈；（2）開發適合中國雪特徵的微波遙感演算法，首次提出以雪特徵作為先驗信息的動態遙感演算法，並對於在山區和森林等複雜環境中雪遙感的低精度進行創新研究；（3）開發中國長時間序列的雪深遙感產品，已被國內外學者下載超過1300次，並廣泛應用於氣候變化、水文和水資源及災害研究等領域。他已發表超過100篇學術論文，合著10本專著，制定2項國家標準，並獲得4項國家發明專利。他獲得甘肅省一級科技進步獎和測繪技術進步一級獎。

李新武目前是可持續發展目標大數據國際研究中心（CBAS）和中國科學院航天信息研究所（AIRCAS）的教授/博士生導師。他的研究興趣包括微波遙感、冰川水文遙感和植被生態遙感。在干涉合成孔徑雷達（SAR）、層析SAR和超高解析度SAR信息處理及環境參數估算方法和應用等領域取得了一系列高水平的成就，並在地球三極冰川的水文和植被生態環境的遙感比較與相關科學認知，以及全球森林生態遙感模型和方法及信息服務平台系統方面取得了成果。他在《國家科學評論》、《創新》、《科學通報》、《TGRS》和《BAMES》等期刊上發表了175篇論文，其中76篇為SCI論文（47篇為第一作者/通訊作者）。共同編著六本書籍：《冰凍圈遙感》、《新一代SAR地球環境觀測》（中英文版）、《地球的三極：全球變化前哨站》、《地球的三極：脆弱環境可持續發展的挑戰》、《全球變化科學衛星與遙感時間序列：揭示地表動態》。相關成就獲得聯合國全球脈衝獎和北京科學技術獎（基礎類）。他目前是中歐土地與土壤專家委員會成員（SEPLS）、DBAR國際科學計劃環境變化工作組的共同主席，以及ISDE中國國家委員會數字極地專家委員會的副主席。還是CARSA生態氣象遙感委員會的副主席和中國遙感應用協會雷達遙感委員會的常務委員。

金瑞是中國科學院西北生態環境資源研究所的教授，並擔任遙感與地理信息科學研究實驗室的副主任。她的主要研究集中在冰凍圈的遙感、水文的遙感、土地數據同化，以及定量遙感產品的驗證。金博士於1997年獲得西北大學地圖學與GIS學士學位，並於2007年獲得中國科學院遙感與GIS博士學位。她已發表超過100篇期刊文章，並共同編著3本書籍，制定1項國家標準（GB/T 40039-2021）。金博士的出版物總引用次數超過5,800次，h指數為38。金博士還是中國科學院青年創新促進會的成員，並擔任可持續發展目標大數據國際研究中心的特聘研究員。她獲得甘肅省一級科技進步獎和測繪技術進步一級獎。

冉有華目前是中國科學院西北生態環境資源研究所的教授，並擔任可持續發展目標大數據國際研究中心的特聘研究員。他的主要研究集中在遙感大數據。