Digital Modeling of Material Appearance (材料外觀的數位建模)
Julie Dorsey, Holly Rushmeier, François Sillion
- 出版商: Morgan Kaufmann
- 出版日期: 2007-12-01
- 定價: $1,980
- 售價: 5.0 折 $990
- 語言: 英文
- 頁數: 336
- 裝訂: Hardcover
- ISBN: 0122211812
- ISBN-13: 9780122211812
-
相關分類:
遊戲開發設計
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商品描述
Description
Computer graphics systems are capable of generating stunningly realistic images of objects that have never physically existed. In order for computers to create these accurately detailed images, digital models of appearance must include robust data to give viewers a credible visual impression of the depicted materials. In particular, digital models demonstrating the nuances of how materials interact with light are essential to this capability.
This is the first comprehensive work on the digital modeling of material appearance: it explains how models from physics and engineering are combined with keen observation skills for use in computer graphics rendering.
Written by the foremost experts in appearance modeling and rendering, this book is for practitioners who want a general framework for understanding material modeling tools, and also for researchers pursuing the development of new modeling techniques. The text is not a "how to" guide for a particular software system. Instead, it provides a thorough discussion of foundations and detailed coverage of key advances.
Practitioners and researchers in applications such as architecture, theater, product development, cultural heritage documentation, visual simulation and training, as well as traditional digital application areas such as feature film, television, and computer games, will benefit from this much needed resource.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Julie Dorsey and Holly Rushmeier are professors in the Computer Science Department at Yale University and co-directors of the Yale Computer Graphics Group. François Sillion is a senior researcher with INRIA (Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique), and director of its Grenoble Rhône-Alpes research center.
Table of Contents
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Background
Light
Human Perception and Judgments
Luminance and Brightness
Color
Directional Effects
Textures and Patterns
Image Synthesis
Shape
Incident Light
Material
Summary and Further Reading
Chapter 3 Observation and Classification
A Tour of Materials
Examples of Modeling Classes of Materials
Chapter 4 Mathematical Terms
Energy as a Function of Time, Position, and Direction
Position
Direction
Radiance
Reflectance and the BRDF
Distribution Functions
Energy Conservation and the BRDF
Reciprocity and the BRDF
Chapter 5 General Material Models
Reflection and Refraction from a Smooth Surface
Empirical Models
Lambertian Reflectance
Phong Reflectance
Ward Reflectance
Lafortune Reflectance
Ashikhmin-Shirley Anisotropic Phong Reflectance
Analytical First Principles Models
Micro-facet Distributions
Models Based on Geometric Optics
Blinn and Cook-Torrance Reflectance
Oren-Nayar Reflectance
Models Based on Wave Optics
Simulation from First Principles
Spectral Effects
Other Effects
Polarization
Phosphorescence and Fluorescence
Scattering in Volumes
Measured Properties
Solid Volumetric Media: Subsurface Scattering
Spatial Variations
Chapter 6 Specialized Material Models
Natural Organic Materials
Humans and Other Mammals
Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish and Insects
Plants
Natural: Inorganic
Porous Materials
Water in Other Materials: Wet/Dry Appearance
Snow
Materials in Manufactured Goods
Fabrics
Paints, Coatings and Artistic Media
Gems
Chapter 7 Measurement
Traditional Measurement
Gonio reflectometers
Nephelometers
Industrial Measurement Devices
Image-Based BRDF Measurements of Sample Materials
Cameras as Sensors
Measuring Prepared Homogeneous Material Samples
Measurement of Existing Objects
Large Objects and Buildings
Simultaneous Shape and Reflectance Capture
Small Scale Geometric Structures
Normal and Bump Maps
Bidirectional Texture Functions
Alternative Representations
Subsurface Scattering and Volumetric Media
Additional Dimensions
Chapter 8 Aging and Weathering
Weathering Taxonomy
Chemical
Mechanical
Biological
Combined Processes
Simulation of Weathering Effects
Patination
Impacts
Scratches
Cracking
Flow and Deposition
Dust Accumulation
Weathering Systems
Replication of Aged Appearance
Manual Application
Accessibility Shading/Ambient Occlusion
Capture, Analysis, and Transfer of Effects
Chapter 9 Specifying and encoding appearance descriptions
Practical techniques for appearance specification
Visual interfaces for analytic models
3DPainting
Textual and programming interfaces
Composition from basic building blocks
Encoding local appearance attributes
Parameterized models
Tabular data
Basis functions
Association of material and shape
Discussion of surface parameterization
Representation of light and view-dependence
Chapter 10 Rendering appearance
An overview of image creation techniques
Object projection techniques
Image sampling techniques
Local and global calculations
Simulating global illumination
Monte Carlo evaluation of the rendering equation
Caching mechanisms
Finite elements methods
Rendering local appearance
Texture mapping and detail management
BRDF and BTF sampling
Subsurface scattering and participating media
Color and tone
Spectral rendering
Dynamic range and tone mapping
Precomputed rendering elements
商品描述(中文翻譯)
描述
電腦圖形系統能夠生成從未實際存在的物體的驚人逼真的圖像。為了讓電腦能夠創建這些精確細節的圖像,數字模型的外觀必須包含強大的數據,以給觀眾一個可信的視覺印象。特別是,數字模型展示材料如何與光線互動的微妙差異對於這種能力至關重要。
這是關於數字材料外觀建模的第一部綜合性著作:它解釋了物理學和工程學模型如何與對電腦圖形渲染中的敏銳觀察技巧相結合。
本書由外觀建模和渲染的頂尖專家撰寫,適用於希望瞭解材料建模工具的從業人員,以及追求開發新建模技術的研究人員。本文不是特定軟件系統的“如何”指南,而是對基礎知識的全面討論和關鍵進展的詳細介紹。
建築、劇院、產品開發、文化遺產文檔、視覺模擬和培訓等應用領域的從業人員和研究人員,以及傳統的數字應用領域,如電影、電視和電腦遊戲,都將從這一必不可少的資源中受益。
作者簡介
朱莉·多西和霍莉·拉什邁爾是耶魯大學計算機科學系的教授,也是耶魯大學計算機圖形組的聯合主任。弗朗索瓦·西永是法國國家計算機和自動化研究所(INRIA)的高級研究員,也是其格勒諾布爾羅納-阿爾卑斯研究中心的主任。
目錄
第1章 簡介
第2章 背景
光線
人類感知和判斷
亮度和明亮度
顏色
方向效果
紋理和圖案
圖像合成
形狀
入射光
材料
總結和進一步閱讀
第3章 觀察和分類
材料之旅
材料建模類別的示例
第4章 數學術語
能量作為時間、位置和方向的函數
位置
方向
輻射度
反射率和BRDF
分布函數
能量守恆和BRDF
互易性和BRDF
第5章 一般材料模型
從光滑表面的反射和折射
經驗模型
蘭伯特反射
Phong反射
Ward反射
Lafortune反射
Ashikhmin-Shirley各向異性Phong反射
基於幾何光學的解析第一原理模型
微觀面分佈
基於幾何光學的模型
Blinn和Cook-Torrance反射
Oren-Nayar反射
基於波動光學的模型
從第一原理模擬
光譜效應
其他效果
偏振
磷光和螢光
體積散射
測量屬性
固體體積介質:次表面散射
空間變化
第6章 專門材料模型
自然有機材料
人類和其他哺乳動物
鳥類、爬行動物、兩棲動物、魚類和昆蟲
植物
自然:無機材料
多孔材料
其他材料中的水:```