Web Protocols and Practice: HTTP/1.1, Networking Protocols, Caching, and Traffic (Paperback)
Balachander Krishnamurthy, Jennifer Rexford
- 出版商: Addison Wesley
- 出版日期: 2001-05-14
- 售價: $1,952
- 貴賓價: 9.5 折 $1,854
- 語言: 英文
- 頁數: 672
- 裝訂: Paperback
- ISBN: 0201710889
- ISBN-13: 9780201710885
-
相關分類:
HTTP
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商品描述
Description
Web Protocols and Practice: HTTP/1.1, Networking Protocols, Caching, and Traffic Measurement is an all-in-one reference to the core technologies underlying the World Wide Web. The book provides an authoritative and in-depth look at the systems and protocols responsible for the transfer of content across the Web. The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is responsible for nearly three-quarters of the traffic in today's Internet. This book's extensive treatment of HTTP/1.1 and its interaction with other network protocols is an indispensable resource for students. This book details the evolution of and complete details of the basic building blocks of the Web. Beginning with an overview of Web software components, Web Protocols and Practice then describes the suite of protocols that form the semantic core of how content is delivered on the Web. The second half of the book examines Web measurement and workload characterization and presents a state-of-the-art report on Web caching and multimedia streaming. The book ends with a discussion of research perspectives to highlight topics that may impact the future evolution of the Web. 
Features
Table Of Contents
I. GETTING STARTED.
1. Introduction.
Origin and Growth of the World Wide Web.
Semantic Components of the Web.
Terms and Concepts.
Topics Not Covered.
Tour Through the Book.
Historical Evolution of the Web.
The State of the Web.
The State of the Web.
Semantic Components of the Web.
Uniform Resource Identifer (URI).
HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Terms and Concepts.
Content on the Web.
Software Components.
Underlying Network.
Standardization.
Web.
Web Applications.
Software Components.
Underlying Network.
Standardization.
Web.
Web Applications.
Topics Not Covered.
Tour Through the Book.
II. WEB SOFTWARE COMPONENTS.
2. Web Clients.
3. Web Proxies.
4. Web Servers.
Client as a program.
Evolution of the browser.
Web-related browser functions.
Browser configuration.
Browser security issues.
Cookies.
Spiders.
Intelligent agents and special-purpose browsers.
Summary.
Evolution of the browser.
Web-related browser functions.
Canonical Web transfer example.
Issuing a request from a browser.
Browser caching.
Request message headers.
Response handling.
Issuing a request from a browser.
Browser caching.
Request message headers.
Response handling.
Browser configuration.
Physical appearance.
Semantic choices.
Configuring browser for non-protocol functions.
Semantic choices.
Configuring browser for non-protocol functions.
Browser security issues.
Cookies.
Motivations for cookies.
Use of cookies in a browser.
User's control over cookies.
Privacy problems with cookies.
Use of cookies in a browser.
User's control over cookies.
Privacy problems with cookies.
Spiders.
Searching on the Web.
Spider client.
Use of spiders in search engines.
Spider client.
Use of spiders in search engines.
Intelligent agents and special-purpose browsers.
Intelligent agents.
Special-purpose browsers.
Special-purpose browsers.
Summary.
3. Web Proxies.
History and evolution of intermediaries.
High-level classification of proxies.
Proxy applications.
HTTP-related proxy roles.
Proxy chaining and hierarchies.
Proxy configuration.
Proxy privacy issues.
Other kinds of proxies.
Summary.
High-level classification of proxies.
Caching proxy.
Transparent proxy.
Transparent proxy.
Proxy applications.
Sharing access to the Web.
Caching responses.
Anonymizing clients.
Transforming requests and responses.
Gateway to non-HTTP systems.
Filtering requests and responses.
Caching responses.
Anonymizing clients.
Transforming requests and responses.
Gateway to non-HTTP systems.
Filtering requests and responses.
HTTP-related proxy roles.
Steps in request-response exchange with a proxy.
Handling HTTP requests and responses.
Proxy as Web server.
Proxy as Web client.
Example use of a proxy.
Handling HTTP requests and responses.
Proxy as Web server.
Proxy as Web client.
Example use of a proxy.
Proxy chaining and hierarchies.
Proxy configuration.
Proxy privacy issues.
Other kinds of proxies.
Reverse proxies or surrogates.
Interception proxies.
Interception proxies.
Summary.
4. Web Servers.
Web Site Versus Web Server.
Handling a Client Request.
Sharing Information Across Requests.
Server Architecture.
Server Hosting.
Case Study: Apache Web Server.
Summary.
Web Site.
Web Server.
Web Server.
Handling a Client Request.
Steps in Handling a Client Request.
Access Control.
Dynamically Generated Responses.
Creating and Using Cookies.
Access Control.
Dynamically Generated Responses.
Creating and Using Cookies.
Sharing Information Across Requests.
Sharing HTTP Responses Across Requests.
Sharing Metadata Across Requests.
Sharing Metadata Across Requests.
Server Architecture.
Event-Driven Server Architecture.
Process-Driven Server Architecture.
Hybrid Server Architecture.
Process-Driven Server Architecture.
Hybrid Server Architecture.
Server Hosting.
Multiple Web Sites on a Single Machine.
Multiple Machines for a Single Web Site.
Multiple Machines for a Single Web Site.
Case Study: Apache Web Server.
Resource Management.
HTTP Request Processing.
HTTP Request Processing.
Summary.
III. WEB PROTOCOLS.
5. Protocols Underlying HTTP.
6. HTTP Protocol Design and Description.
7. HTTP/1.1 221.
8. HTTP/TCP Interaction.
Internet Protocol.
Transmission Control Protocol 0.
Domain Name System.
Application-Layer Protocols.
Summary.
Evolution of the Internet Architecture.
IP Design Goals.
IP Addresses.
IP Header Details.
IP Design Goals.
IP Addresses.
IP Header Details.
Transmission Control Protocol 0.
Socket Abstraction 1.
Ordered Reliable Byte Stream.
Opening and Closing a TCP Connection.
Sliding-Window Flow Control.
Retransmission of Lost Packets.
TCP Congestion Control.
TCP Header Details.
Ordered Reliable Byte Stream.
Opening and Closing a TCP Connection.
Sliding-Window Flow Control.
Retransmission of Lost Packets.
TCP Congestion Control.
TCP Header Details.
Domain Name System.
DNS Resolver.
DNS Architecture.
DNS Protocol.
DNS Queries and the Web.
DNS-Based Web Server Load Balancing.
DNS Architecture.
DNS Protocol.
DNS Queries and the Web.
DNS-Based Web Server Load Balancing.
Application-Layer Protocols.
Telnet Protocol.
File Transfer Protocol.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
The Network News Transfer Protocol.
Properties of Application-Layer Protocols.
File Transfer Protocol.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
The Network News Transfer Protocol.
Properties of Application-Layer Protocols.
Summary.
6. HTTP Protocol Design and Description.
Overview of HTTP.
HTTP language elements.
HTTP Extensibility.
SSL and Security.
Protocol compliance and interoperability.
Summary.
Protocol properties.
Protocol infuences.
Protocol infuences.
HTTP language elements.
HTTP terms.
HTTP/1.0 Request Methods.
HTTP/1.0 Headers.
HTTP/1.0 Response classes.
HTTP/1.0 Request Methods.
HTTP/1.0 Headers.
HTTP/1.0 Response classes.
HTTP Extensibility.
SSL and Security.
SSL.
HTTPS: Using SSL in Web exchanges.
Security in HTTP/1.0.
HTTPS: Using SSL in Web exchanges.
Security in HTTP/1.0.
Protocol compliance and interoperability.
Version number and interoperability.
MUST, SHOULD, MAY requirement levels.
MUST, SHOULD, MAY requirement levels.
Summary.
7. HTTP/1.1 221.
The evolution of HTTP/1.1 protocol.
Methods, headers, response codes in 1.0 and 1.1.
Caching.
Bandwidth optimization.
Connection Management.
Message transmission.
Extensibility.
Internet address conservation.
Content negotiation.
Security, authentication, and integrity.
The role of proxies in HTTP/1.1.
Other miscellaneous changes.
Summary.
History of evolution.
Problems with HTTP/1.0 25.
New concepts in HTTP/1.1.
Problems with HTTP/1.0 25.
New concepts in HTTP/1.1.
Methods, headers, response codes in 1.0 and 1.1.
Old and new request methods.
Old and new headers.
Old and new response codes.
Old and new headers.
Old and new response codes.
Caching.
Caching related terms.
Caching in HTTP/1.0.
Caching in HTTP/1.1.
Caching in HTTP/1.0.
Caching in HTTP/1.1.
Bandwidth optimization.
The Range request.
The Expect/Continue mechanism.
Compression.
The Expect/Continue mechanism.
Compression.
Connection Management.
The Connection: Keep-Alive mechanism of HTTP/1.0.
Evolution of HTTP/1.1 persistent connection mechanism.
The Connection header.
Pipelining on persistent connections.
Closing persistent connections.
Evolution of HTTP/1.1 persistent connection mechanism.
The Connection header.
Pipelining on persistent connections.
Closing persistent connections.
Message transmission.
Extensibility.
Learning about the server.
Learning about intermediate servers.
Upgrading to other protocols.
Learning about intermediate servers.
Upgrading to other protocols.
Internet address conservation.
Content negotiation.
Security, authentication, and integrity.
Security and authentication.
Integrity.
Integrity.
The role of proxies in HTTP/1.1.
Types of proxies.
Syntactic requirements on an HTTP/1.1 proxy.
Semantic requirements on an HTTP/1.1 proxy.
Syntactic requirements on an HTTP/1.1 proxy.
Semantic requirements on an HTTP/1.1 proxy.
Other miscellaneous changes.
Method-related miscellaneous changes.
Header-related miscellaneous changes.
Response-code-related miscellaneous changes.
Header-related miscellaneous changes.
Response-code-related miscellaneous changes.
Summary.
8. HTTP/TCP Interaction.
TCP Timers.
HTTP/TCP Layering.
Multiplexing TCP Connections.
Server Overheads.
Summary.
Retransmission Timer.
Slow-Start Restart.
The TIME WAIT State.
Slow-Start Restart.
The TIME WAIT State.
HTTP/TCP Layering.
Aborted HTTP Transfers.
Nagle's Algorithm.
Delayed Acknowledgments.
Nagle's Algorithm.
Delayed Acknowledgments.
Multiplexing TCP Connections.
Motivation for Parallel Connections.
Problems with Parallel Connections.
Problems with Parallel Connections.
Server Overheads.
Combining System Calls.
Managing Multiple Connections.
Managing Multiple Connections.
Summary.
IV. MEASURING AND CHARACTERIZING WEB TRAFFIC.
9. Web Traffic Measurement.
10. Web Workload Characterization.
Motivation for Web Measurement.
Measurement Techniques.
Proxy/Server Logs.
Preprocessing Measurement Data for Analysis.
Drawing Inferences From Measurement Data.
Case Studies.
Summary.
Motivation for Content Creators.
Motivation for Web Hosting Companies.
Motivation for Network Operators.
Motivation for Web/Networking Researchers.
Motivation for Web Hosting Companies.
Motivation for Network Operators.
Motivation for Web/Networking Researchers.
Measurement Techniques.
Server Logging.
Proxy Logging.
Client Logging.
Packet Traces.
Active Measurement.
Proxy Logging.
Client Logging.
Packet Traces.
Active Measurement.
Proxy/Server Logs.
Common Log Format (CLF).
Extended Common Log Format (ECLF).
Extended Common Log Format (ECLF).
Preprocessing Measurement Data for Analysis.
Parsing Measurement Data.
Filtering Measurement Data.
Transforming Measurement Data.
Filtering Measurement Data.
Transforming Measurement Data.
Drawing Inferences From Measurement Data.
Limitations of HTTP Header Information.
Ambiguous Client/Server Identity.
Inferring User Actions.
Detecting Resource Modifications.
Ambiguous Client/Server Identity.
Inferring User Actions.
Detecting Resource Modifications.
Case Studies.
Saskatchewan Server Log Study.
British Columbia Proxy Log Study.
Boston University Client Log Study.
AT&T Packet-Trace Study.
British Columbia Proxy Log Study.
Boston University Client Log Study.
AT&T Packet-Trace Study.
Summary.
10. Web Workload Characterization.
Workload Characterization.
Statistics and Probability Distributions.
HTTP Message Characteristics.
Web Resource Characteristics.
User Behavior Characteristics.
Applying Workload Models.
User Privacy.
Summary.
Applications of Workload Models.
Selecting Workload Parameters.
Selecting Workload Parameters.
Statistics and Probability Distributions.
Mean, Median, and Variance.
Probability Distributions.
Probability Distributions.
HTTP Message Characteristics.
HTTP Request Methods.
HTTP Response Codes.
HTTP Response Codes.
Web Resource Characteristics.
Content Types.
Resource Sizes.
Response Sizes.
Resource Popularity.
Resource Changes.
Temporal Locality.
Number of Embedded Resources.
Resource Sizes.
Response Sizes.
Resource Popularity.
Resource Changes.
Temporal Locality.
Number of Embedded Resources.
User Behavior Characteristics.
Session and Request Arrivals.
Clicks per Session.
Request Interarrival Time.
Clicks per Session.
Request Interarrival Time.
Applying Workload Models.
Combining Workload Parameters.
Validating the Workload Model.
Generating Synthetic Traffic.
Validating the Workload Model.
Generating Synthetic Traffic.
User Privacy.
Access to User-Level Data.
Information Available to Software Components.
Application of User-Level Data.
Information Available to Software Components.
Application of User-Level Data.
Summary.
V. WEB APPLICATIONS.
11. Web Caching.
12. Delivering Multimedia Streams.
The origins and goals of Web Caching.
Why cache?
What is cacheable?
Where is caching done?
How is caching done?
Cache replacement.
Cache coherency.
Rate of change of resources.
Cache-related protocols.
Cache software and hardware.
Impediments to caching.
Caching versus replication.
Content distribution.
Content adaptation.
Summary.
Why cache?
What is cacheable?
Protocol-speci_c considerations.
Content-speci_c considerations.
Content-speci_c considerations.
Where is caching done?
How is caching done?
Deciding whether a message is cacheable.
Cache replacement and storing response in cache.
Returning a cached response.
Maintaining a cache.
Cache replacement and storing response in cache.
Returning a cached response.
Maintaining a cache.
Cache replacement.
Cache coherency.
Rate of change of resources.
Cache-related protocols.
Internet Cache Protocol (ICP).
Cache Array Resolution Protocol (CARP).
Cache Digest Protocol.
Web Cache Coordination Protocol (WCCP).
Cache Array Resolution Protocol (CARP).
Cache Digest Protocol.
Web Cache Coordination Protocol (WCCP).
Cache software and hardware.
Cache software: The Squid cache.
Caching hardware.
Caching hardware.
Impediments to caching.
Cache busting.
Privacy issues in caching.
Privacy issues in caching.
Caching versus replication.
Content distribution.
Content adaptation.
Summary.
12. Delivering Multimedia Streams.
Multimedia Streaming.
Delivering Multimedia Content.
Protocols for Multimedia Streaming.
Real Time Streaming Protocol.
Summary.
Audio and Video Data.
Multimedia Streaming Applications.
Properties of Multimedia Applications.
Multimedia Streaming Applications.
Properties of Multimedia Applications.
Delivering Multimedia Content.
Performance Requirements.
Limitations of IP Networks.
Multimedia-on-Demand Over HTTP.
Limitations of IP Networks.
Multimedia-on-Demand Over HTTP.
Protocols for Multimedia Streaming.
Data Transport.
Session Establishment.
Session Description.
Presentation Description.
Session Establishment.
Session Description.
Presentation Description.
Real Time Streaming Protocol.
Similarities and Differences.
RTSP Request Methods.
RTSP Headers.
RTSP Status Codes.
RTSP Request Methods.
RTSP Headers.
RTSP Status Codes.
Summary.
VI. Research Perspectives.
13. Research Perspectives in Caching.
14. Research Perspectives in Measurement.
15. Research Perspectives in Protocol Issues.
Bibliography.
Index. 0201710889T04062001
Cache revalidation and invalidation.
End-to-end information exchange.
Prefetching.
Summary.
Costs associated with revalidation.
Prevalidation.
The Piggybacking approach.
Server-driven invalidation.
Prevalidation.
The Piggybacking approach.
Server-driven invalidation.
End-to-end information exchange.
Server volumes.
Proxy filters.
Volumes and Filters: Practical details.
Volume Construction Algorithms.
Evaluation of volume construction algorithms.
End-to-end information exchange summary.
Proxy filters.
Volumes and Filters: Practical details.
Volume Construction Algorithms.
Evaluation of volume construction algorithms.
End-to-end information exchange summary.
Prefetching.
DNS Prefetching.
Connection Prefetching.
HTTP Prefetching.
Trade-offs in Prefetching.
Connection Prefetching.
HTTP Prefetching.
Trade-offs in Prefetching.
Summary.
14. Research Perspectives in Measurement.
Packet Monitoring of HTTP Traffic.
Analyzing Web Server Logs.
Publicly-Available Logs and Traces.
Measuring Multimedia Streams.
Summary.
Tapping a Link.
Capturing Packets.
Demultiplexing Packets.
Reconstructing the Ordered Stream.
Extracting HTTP Messages.
Generating HTTP Traces.
Capturing Packets.
Demultiplexing Packets.
Reconstructing the Ordered Stream.
Extracting HTTP Messages.
Generating HTTP Traces.
Analyzing Web Server Logs.
Parsing and Filtering.
Transforming.
Transforming.
Publicly-Available Logs and Traces.
Measuring Multimedia Streams.
Static Analysis of Multimedia Resources.
Multimedia Server Logs.
Packet Monitoring of Multimedia Streams.
Multi-Layer Packet Monitoring.
Multimedia Server Logs.
Packet Monitoring of Multimedia Streams.
Multi-Layer Packet Monitoring.
Summary.
15. Research Perspectives in Protocol Issues.
Multiplexing HTTP Transfers.
Adding a Differencing Mechanism to HTTP/1.1.
HTTP/1.1 Protocol compliance.
End-to-end measurements to study Web performance.
Other extensions to HTTP.
Summary.
WebMux: An experimental multiplexing Protocol.
TCP Control Block Interdependence.
Integrated Congestion Management.
TCP Control Block Interdependence.
Integrated Congestion Management.
Adding a Differencing Mechanism to HTTP/1.1.
Motivations for a differencing mechanism for HTTP messages.
Evaluation of delta algorithms.
Deployment issues of delta mechanism in HTTP/1.1.
Status of adding delta mechanism to HTTP/1.1.
Evaluation of delta algorithms.
Deployment issues of delta mechanism in HTTP/1.1.
Status of adding delta mechanism to HTTP/1.1.
HTTP/1.1 Protocol compliance.
Motivation for protocol compliance study.
Testing compliance of clients and proxies.
Methodology of testing compliance.
PROCOW: A large scale compliance study.
Summary of protocol compliance.
Testing compliance of clients and proxies.
Methodology of testing compliance.
PROCOW: A large scale compliance study.
Summary of protocol compliance.
End-to-end measurements to study Web performance.
Identifying the factors in end-to-end performance.
Report on an end-to-end performance study.
Summary of end-to-end performance study.
Report on an end-to-end performance study.
Summary of end-to-end performance study.
Other extensions to HTTP.
Transparent Content Negotiation.
WebDAV|Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning.
An HTTP Extension Framework.
WebDAV|Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning.
An HTTP Extension Framework.
Summary.
Bibliography.
Index. 0201710889T04062001
