Green Machine Learning Protocols for Future Communication Networks

Machine learning has shown tremendous benefits in solving complex network problems and providing situation and parameter prediction. However, heavy resources are required to process and analyze the data, which can be done either offline or using edge computing but also requires heavy transmission resources to provide a timely response. The need here is to provide lightweight machine learning protocols that can process and analyze the data at run time and provide a timely and efficient response. These algorithms have grown in terms of computation and memory requirements due to the availability of large data sets. These models/algorithms also require high levels of resources such as computing, memory, communication, and storage. The focus so far was on producing highly accurate models for these communication networks without considering the energy consumption of these machine learning algorithms.

For future scalable and sustainable network applications, efforts are required toward designing new machine learning protocols and modifying the existing ones, which consume less energy, i.e., green machine learning protocols. In other words, novel and lightweight green machine learning algorithms/protocols are required to reduce energy consumption which can also reduce the carbon footprint. To realize the green machine learning protocols, this book presents different aspects of green machine learning for future communication networks. This book highlights mainly the green machine learning protocols for cellular communication, federated learning-based models, and protocols for Beyond Fifth Generation networks, approaches for cloud-based communications, and Internet-of-Things. This book also highlights the design considerations and challenges for green machine learning protocols for different future applications.

機器學習在解決複雜網路問題和提供情境和參數預測方面展示了巨大的好處。然而，處理和分析數據需要大量資源，可以在離線或使用邊緣運算來進行，但也需要大量傳輸資源以提供及時回應。在這裡，我們需要提供輕量級的機器學習協議，可以在運行時處理和分析數據，並提供及時和高效的回應。由於大數據集的可用性，這些算法在計算和內存需求方面已經增長。這些模型/算法還需要高水平的計算、內存、通信和存儲等資源。到目前為止，重點是為這些通信網路生成高度準確的模型，而不考慮這些機器學習算法的能源消耗。

為了實現可擴展和可持續的未來網路應用，需要努力設計新的機器學習協議並修改現有的協議，以消耗更少的能源，即綠色機器學習協議。換句話說，需要新穎且輕量級的綠色機器學習算法/協議，以減少能源消耗，同時也可以減少碳足跡。為了實現綠色機器學習協議，本書介紹了未來通信網路中綠色機器學習的不同方面。本書主要關注蜂窩通信的綠色機器學習協議，基於聯邦學習的模型和協議，以及面向第五代網路的協議，雲端通信和物聯網的方法。本書還強調了不同未來應用的綠色機器學習協議的設計考慮和挑戰。

Saim Ghafoor (M'17, SM'19)

Saim Ghafoor received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from University College Cork, Ireland in 2018. He completed his M.S. in Computer Science and Engineering from Hanyang University, South Korea in 2010 and B.E in Computer Systems Engineering from Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan in 2005. Currently, he is working as an Assistant Lecturer at Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Donegal, Ireland. He worked at Telecommunications Software and Systems Group (TSSG), Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT), Waterford, Ireland as Post-Doctoral researcher from June 2018 to August 2020. He is currently an Associate Editor of the Elsevier, Computer and Electrical Engineering Journal and serving as a reviewer for many reputable journals and conferences. He co-organized a workshop on Terahertz wireless communication in IEEE INFOCOM 2019. He also received a best student paper award in International Conference on Disaster Management in 2017. He received best reviewer of the year award from Elsevier Computer and Electrical Engineering Journal in 2014 and 2015, and many reviewer recognitions certificates. His research interests are Terahertz and millimetre communication networks, autonomous and intelligent communication networks, cognitive radio networks and wireless sensor networks.

Personal Webpage: https: //sites.google.com/view/saimghafoor

Email: saim.ghafoor@atu.ie

Mubashir Husain Rehmani (M'14-SM'15) received the B.Eng. degree in computer systems engineering from Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan, in 2004, the M.S. degree from the University of Paris XI, Paris, France, in 2008, and the Ph.D. degree from the University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, in 2011. He is currently working as Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science, Munster Technological University (MTU), Ireland. Prior to this, he worked as Post Doctoral Researcher at the Telecommunications Software and Systems Group (TSSG), Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT), Waterford, Ireland. He also served for five years as an Assistant Professor at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cantt., Pakistan. He is serving as an Editorial Board Member of NATURE Scientific Reports. He is currently an Area Editor of the IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. He served for three years (from 2015 to 2017) as an Associate Editor of the IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials. He served as Column Editor for Book Reviews in IEEE Communications Magazine. He is appointed as Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Green Communication and Networking. Currently, he serves as Associate Editor of IEEE Communications Magazine, Elsevier Journal of Network and Computer Applications (JNCA), and the Journal of Communications and Networks (JCN). He is also serving as a Guest Editor of Elsevier Ad Hoc Networks journal, Elsevier Future Generation Computer Systems journal, the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, and Elsevier Pervasive and Mobile Computing journal. He has authored/edited total eight books. Two books with Springer, two books published by IGI Global, USA, three books published by CRC Press - Taylor and Francis Group, UK, and one book with Wiley, U.K. He received "Best Researcher of the Year 2015 of COMSATS Wah" award in 2015. He received the certificate of appreciation, "Exemplary Editor of the IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials for the year 2015" from the IEEE Communications Society. He received Best Paper Award from IEEE ComSoc Technical Committee on Communications Systems Integration and Modeling (CSIM), in IEEE ICC 2017. He consecutively received research productivity award in 2016-17 and also ranked # 1 in all Engineering disciplines from Pakistan Council for Science and Technology (PCST), Government of Pakistan. He received Best Paper Award in 2017 from Higher Education Commission (HEC), Government of Pakistan. He is the recipient of Best Paper Award in 2018 from Elsevier Journal of Network and Computer Applications. He is the recipient of Highly Cited Researcher(TM) award thrice in 2020, 2021, and 2022 by Clarivate, USA. His performance in this context features in the TOP 1% by citations in the field of Computer Science and Cross Field in the Web of Science(TM) citation index. He is the ONLY Researcher from Ireland in the field of "Computer Science" who received this International prestigious award. In Oct 2022, he received Science Foundation Ireland's CONNECT Centre's Education and Public Engagement (EPE) Award 2022 for his research outreach work and being a spokesperson for achieving a work-life balance for a career in research.

Personal Webpage: https: //sites.google.com/site/mubrehmani/

Email: Mubashir.rehmani@mtu.ie

Saim Ghafoor (M'17, SM'19)
Saim Ghafoor（M'17，SM'19）於2018年從愛爾蘭科克大學獲得計算機科學博士學位。他於2010年在韓國漢陽大學獲得計算機科學和工程碩士學位，並於2005年在巴基斯坦梅赫蘭工程技術大學獲得計算機系統工程學士學位。目前，他在愛爾蘭多尼戈爾的大西洋科技大學（ATU）擔任助理講師。他曾在愛爾蘭沃特福德理工學院（WIT）的電信軟件和系統組（TSSG）擔任博士後研究員，任期從2018年6月至2020年8月。他目前是Elsevier《計算機與電氣工程期刊》的副編輯，並為許多知名期刊和會議擔任審稿人。他在IEEE INFOCOM 2019年的一個關於太赫茲無線通信的研討會上擔任共同組織者。他還在2017年的國際災害管理會議上獲得了最佳學生論文獎。他在2014年和2015年連續兩年獲得Elsevier《計算機與電氣工程期刊》的年度最佳審稿人獎，並獲得多個審稿人表彰證書。他的研究興趣包括太赫茲和毫米波通信網絡、自主和智能通信網絡、認知無線電網絡和無線傳感器網絡。

個人網頁：https://sites.google.com/view/saimghafoor
電子郵件：saim.ghafoor@atu.ie

Mubashir Husain Rehmani (M'14-SM'15)
Mubashir Husain Rehmani（M'14-SM'15）於2004年從巴基斯坦梅赫蘭工程技術大學獲得計算機系統工程學士學位，2008年從法國巴黎第十一大學獲得碩士學位，2011年從巴黎大學皮埃爾和瑪麗居里大學獲得博士學位。他目前在愛爾蘭蒙斯特科技大學（MTU）的計算機科學系擔任講師。在此之前，他曾在愛爾蘭沃特福德理工學院（WIT）的電信軟件和系統組（TSSG）擔任博士後研究員。他還在巴基斯坦COMSATS信息技術學院擔任助理教授長達五年。他是《NATURE Scientific Reports》的編輯委員會成員，目前是《IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials》的區域編輯。他曾在2015年至2017年擔任《IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials》的副編輯，並擔任《IEEE Communications Magazine》的書評專欄編輯。他被任命為《IEEE Transactions on Green Communication and Networking》的副編輯。目前，他擔任《IEEE Communications Magazine》、Elsevier《網絡和計算機應用期刊（JNCA）》和《通信和網絡期刊（JCN）》的副編輯。他還擔任Elsevier《Ad Hoc Networks》期刊、Elsevier《Future Generation Computer Systems》期刊、《IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics》和Elsevier《Pervasive and Mobile Computing》期刊的客座編輯。他共撰寫/編輯了八本書籍，其中兩本由Springer出版，兩本由美國IGI Global出版，三本由CRC Press - Taylor and Francis Group出版，一本由Wiley出版。他在2015年獲得了COMSATS Wah的“年度最佳研究人員”獎，並從IEEE通信學會獲得了2015年《IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials》的“優秀編輯”證書。他在IEEE ICC 2017年獲得了IEEE ComSoc通信系統集成和建模技術委員會（CSIM）的最佳論文獎。他連續兩年（2016-17年）獲得研究生產力獎，並在巴基斯坦科學和技術委員會（PCST）的所有工程學科中排名第一。