Cyberwarfare: Attribution, Preemption, and National Self Defense (Volume 2)

This paper proposes a new consequentialist standard based on an "Effects Test" to define when cyberattacks constitute an armed attack that can be responded to in self-defense. This paper will also address the use of anticipatory self-defense in the cyber context by proposing a modification of the traditional Caroline doctrine using a court system as a check on abuse of the anticipatory self-defense doctrine.