Human Centered Intelligent Infrastructure

The introduction of highly reliable sensors and remote condition monitoring equipment will change the form and functionality of maintenance and engineering systems within many infrastructure sectors. Process, transport and infrastructure companies are increasingly looking to intelligent infrastructure to increase reliability and decrease costs in the future, but such systems will present many new (and some old) human factors challenges. Despite the technological advancement in remote sensing, robotics, automatic monitoring and decision support systems, to name only a few, existing Intelligent Infrastructure (II) systems are often facing key obstacles whilst being implemented in the real work setting. Understanding and mitigating potential human factors issues could ensure that such vast investments are not wasted. Intelligent Infrastructure is growingly becoming an ambitious future step to support optimal complex control settings. From widespread railway networks to nuclear power plans, researchers, engineers and developers are recognizing the value in better asset management and optimized utilization of the existing resources and infrastructure. This book presents the first work that understands and informs human factors issues associated with Intelligent Infrastructure in complex control settings.

高度可靠的感測器和遠程狀態監測設備的引入將改變許多基礎設施部門的維護和工程系統的形式和功能。在未來，製程、運輸和基礎設施公司越來越多地尋求智能基礎設施，以提高可靠性並降低成本，但這些系統將帶來許多新的（以及一些舊的）人因挑戰。儘管遠程感測、機器人技術、自動監測和決策支援系統等技術取得了技術上的進步，但現有的智能基礎設施系統在實際工作環境中實施時常常面臨重要障礙。了解和減輕潛在的人因問題可以確保這些巨大的投資不會被浪費。智能基礎設施越來越成為支持最佳複雜控制環境的雄心勃勃的未來步驟。從廣泛的鐵路網絡到核電廠，研究人員、工程師和開發人員都意識到更好的資產管理和現有資源和基礎設施的優化利用的價值。本書是第一部關於在複雜控制環境中理解和提供智能基礎設施相關人因問題的工作。

Dr Nastaran Dadashi has over seven years of Human Factors experience (including an industry-led PhD within the Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham). She has proven experience in the collection of user requirements and implementing Human Factors design principles in complex environments. Nastaran's PhD, Human Factors of Future Railway Intelligent Infrastructure, focused on adapting a cognitive approach to the design and understanding of complex multi-agent systems within socio-technical environments. Nastaran holds a BSc in Computing and Information Systems and a MSc in Interactive Systems Design (With distinction); she is a registered member at the Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, main track committee member of IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (2013 & 2014) and an Associate RRI (Responsible Research and Innovation) in ICT. She has over 20 papers within peer reviewed publications and has been an invited speaker at the International Conference of Ergonomics in Operation and Control Centres (2012).

Dr David Golightly is Senior Research Fellow in the Human Factors Research Group, University of Nottingham. His background is in the study of learning, problem solving and expertise, particularly involving the use of ICT. He also investigates methods for capturing and integrating user requirements in user-centred design and implementation processes. He has worked on a number of rail-related projects including understanding situation awareness in rail traffic control, driver advisory for capacity management, evaluating the impact of procedural change on signalling workload and awareness, and on passenger and end-to-end journey experience to encourage modal shift. He is currently also academic supervisor on two TSB funded KTPs - one on competency management for non-technical skills in the rail industry, and one on workload modelling for rail control.

Professor Sarah Sharples is a Professor of Human Factors in the School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering at the University of Nottingham and Head of the Human Factors Research Group. She completed her PhD in 1999 on methodological and theoretical issues in the assessment of participants' experiences of virtual environments. She has been a researcher, research manager or grant holder on a number of industrial, government and EU funded projects, including a long term programme of research for Network Rail examining implications, design and implementation of novel interfaces for railway control and use of rail simulation for human factors research. She is a CI in the MATCH IMRC, Horizon Digital Economy Research hub and Training Programme Manager of the Horizon Doctoral Training Centre. She has supervised PhD students in a range of areas, including situation awareness in virtual environments, impact of automation, use of handheld technologies and development of 3D information displays. She is a registered ergonomist, and her main areas of interest and expertise are Human-Computer Interaction, cognitive ergonomics and development of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies for examination of interaction with innovative technologies in complex systems. She is Associate Dean of the Graduate School for the Faculty of Engineering.

Dr. Nastaran Dadashi擁有超過七年的人因素經驗（包括在諾丁漢大學人因素研究小組進行的工業導向博士學位）。她在複雜環境中收集用戶需求並實施人因素設計原則方面具有豐富的經驗。Nastaran的博士學位研究專注於將認知方法應用於設計和理解社會技術環境中的複雜多智能體系統。Nastaran擁有計算和信息系統學士學位和互動系統設計碩士學位（優異），她是人因學和人因素研究所的註冊會員，也是IEEE國際系統、人和控制會議（2013年和2014年）的主要軌道委員會成員，以及ICT領域的負責研究和創新（RRI）副研究員。她在同行評審的出版物中發表了20多篇論文，並曾應邀在2012年國際人因學會議上發表演講。

Dr. David Golightly是諾丁漢大學人因素研究小組的高級研究員。他的背景是研究學習、問題解決和專業知識，特別是涉及信息和通信技術的應用。他還研究了在以用戶為中心的設計和實施過程中捕獲和整合用戶需求的方法。他參與了多個與鐵路相關的項目，包括研究鐵路交通控制中的情境感知、容量管理的駕駛員建議、程序變更對信號工作負荷和認知的影響評估，以及乘客和端到端旅程體驗以促進模式轉移。他目前還是兩個TSB資助的KTP（知識轉移合作項目）的學術主管，一個是鐵路行業非技術技能的能力管理，另一個是鐵路控制的工作負荷建模。

Sarah Sharples教授是諾丁漢大學機械、材料和製造工程學院的人因素教授，也是人因素研究小組的負責人。她於1999年完成了關於評估參與者對虛擬環境體驗的方法論和理論問題的博士學位研究。她曾擔任多個工業、政府和歐盟資助項目的研究員、研究經理或資助者，其中包括為Network Rail進行的長期研究計劃，該計劃研究了鐵路控制的新型界面的影響、設計和實施，以及使用鐵路模擬進行人因素研究。她是MATCH IMRC、Horizon數字經濟研究中心的CI（合作研究員），也是Horizon博士培訓中心的培訓計劃經理。她指導了許多博士生的研究，包括虛擬環境中的情境感知、自動化的影響、手持技術的使用和3D信息顯示的開發等領域。她是註冊人因學家，她的主要興趣和專長領域是人機交互、認知人因學以及發展量化和質化研究方法，以研究與複雜系統中創新技術的交互作用。她是工程學院研究生院的副院長。