Mangrove Carbon Trading in the Lower Gangetic Delta: Drawbacks and the Potential
暫譯: 恆河下游三角洲的紅樹林碳交易：缺點與潛力
Mitra, Abhijit, Zaman, Sufia, Pramanick, Prosenjit
相關主題
商品描述
True mangrove flora and their associates in the lower Gangetic region are noted for their wide spectrum of ecosystem services in which carbon storage and sequestration by the forest is one of the most important components. Many researchers are updating the carbon repository of the lower Gangetic delta mangroves with the aim to ascertain their role to reduce the carbon dioxide level of the near surface atmosphere. However, due to difficulty in assessment, marketing, and lack of clarity over ownership of natural resources, the mangrove-based carbon trading system has not yet crystallized.There is an estimated 13.76 Mha of mangrove forests world-wide, approximately 20% (2.6 Mha) of which is potentially investible for carbon finance projects, based on the probability of imminent threat. The magnitude and the variability of threats to which the mangroves of the lower Gangetic delta are exposed to have made the trading process more complicated. In addition, gaps also exist between the national government policy and the trading of the blue carbon projects, which has kept the future of such projects remain on hold. The authors put forward the views that the creation of more financial facilities for restoration and expansion of blue carbon (preferably mangroves) with the involvement of the local communities can provide the initial capital involved in developing mangrove-based carbon projects. This includes the costs of conducting feasibility studies, implementing capacity-building programs, monitoring the health of the mangrove plantation/restoration on regular basis, and creating mangrove-based alternative livelihood programs that will support island dwellers of the region in order to accelerate the magnitude of mangrove-based carbon projects leading to growth of the mangrove trading market.
商品描述(中文翻譯)
真正的紅樹林植物群及其在恒河下游地區的伴生植物以其廣泛的生態系統服務而聞名，其中森林的碳儲存和封存是最重要的組成部分之一。許多研究人員正在更新恒河下游三角洲紅樹林的碳儲存庫，旨在確定其在降低近地表大氣中二氧化碳水平的作用。然而，由於評估、營銷的困難以及對自然資源所有權的缺乏明確性，基於紅樹林的碳交易系統尚未形成。全球估計有1376萬公頃的紅樹林，約20%（260萬公頃）可能適合用於碳金融項目，這是基於即將面臨威脅的可能性。恒河下游三角洲紅樹林所面臨的威脅的規模和變異性使得交易過程變得更加複雜。此外，國家政府政策與藍碳項目的交易之間也存在差距，這使得此類項目的未來仍然處於暫停狀態。作者提出觀點，創建更多的財務設施以恢復和擴展藍碳（最好是紅樹林），並讓當地社區參與，可以提供開發基於紅樹林的碳項目所需的初始資本。這包括進行可行性研究的成本、實施能力建設計劃、定期監測紅樹林種植/恢復的健康狀況，以及創建基於紅樹林的替代生計計劃，以支持該地區的島嶼居民，從而加速基於紅樹林的碳項目的規模，促進紅樹林交易市場的增長。
作者簡介
Dr. Abhijit Mitra Associate Professor and former Head, Dept. of Marine Science, University of Calcutta (INDIA) has been active in the sphere of Oceanography since 1985. He obtained his Ph.D. as NET qualified scholar in 1994 after securing Gold Medal in M.Sc. from University of Calcutta. Since then, he joined Calcutta Port Trust and WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature-India), in various capacities to carry out research programmes on environmental science, biodiversity conservation, climate change and carbon sequestration. Presently Dr. Mitra is serving as the Director, Research of Techno India University, West Bengal (Hony.). He has to his credit about 715 scientific publications in various national and international journals, and 62 books of postgraduate standards. Dr. Mitra is presently the member of several committees like PACON International, IUCN, SIOS, Mangrove Society of India, The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences etc. and has successfully completed about 17 projects and 19 consultancies on biodiversity loss in fishery sector, coastal pollution, aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate change and carbon sequestration. Dr. Mitra also visited as faculty member and invited speaker in several Universities of Singapore, Kenya, Oman, and USA. In 2008, Dr. Mitra was invited as visiting fellow at University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, USA to deliver a series of lecture on Climate Change. Dr. Mitra also successfully guided 56 Ph.D. students. Presently his research areas include environmental science, mangrove ecology, sustainable aquaculture, alternative livelihood, climate science, carbon sequestration and blue economy.
Dr. Sufia Zaman presently serving as Head, Department of Oceanography in Techno India University, West Bengal started her career in the field of Marine Science since 2001. She worked in the rigorous mangrove ecosystem of Indian Sundarbans and has wide range of experience in exploring the floral and faunal diversities of Sundarbans. She has published 7 books on carbon sequestration, 350 scientific papers and contributed chapters in several books on biodiversity, environmental science, aquaculture, and coastal livelihood development. Dr. Zaman is presently a member of Fisheries Society of India. She is also running projects on carbon sequestration by mangroves of Indian Sundarbans. She is the recipient of DST Women Scientist and Jawaharlal Memorial Doctoral fellowship awards. Her areas of research include aquaculture, fish nutrition, phytoplankton diversity, climate change mangrove ecology and alternative livelihood. Dr. Zaman is also the first researcher in the maritime state of West Bengal (India), who initiated trial experiments on iron fertilization and subsequent enhancement of primary (phytoplankton) and secondary (fish) productions in the brackish water ponds of Indian Sundarbans with the financial assistance of Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. Dr. Zaman is also providing consultancies on green technology and emission control to several industries, NGOs, and corporate sectors.
Dr. Prosenjit Pramanick is presently holding the position of Assistant Professor, Department of Oceanography, Techno India University, West Bengal. He had passed Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry in 2010 from University of Calcutta, West Bengal, and Master of Science in Biochemistry (in 2012) from Vidyasagar University, West Bengal and then obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2017 from Techno India University, West Bengal. He has to his credit about 121 scientific publications, 25 book chapters published by Springer International, Emerald Group, CSIR-NISCAIR, 3 Books, and 17 publications in conference proceedings in the sphere of Food technology, Aquaculture, Agribiotechnology, Alternative livelihood and Environmental Science. He has participated in various National and International conferences, seminars, workshops, and webinars. He also served as an Associate Editor in an Inter-continental Webinar Proceedings on "Ecosystem Services and United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG)" entitled "Natural Resources and their Ecosystem Services". He has expertise in water quality assessment (in situ and ex situ), food product preparation from mangrove floral species and carbon sequestration. He has served in several consultancy services on carbon sequestration and Biodiversity assessment conducted by (1) Konnagar Municipality, Government of West Bengal, India (2) Kingston Educational Institute, India (3) Forest Department, Government of West Bengal, India (4) TATA STEEL Ltd. Kalinganagar, Odisha, India, (5) TATA STEEL Ltd. Noamundi Mines, Jharkhand, India, and several coal-based power sectors like CESC Haldia Energy Limited (Haldia, India), CESC Budge Budge Generation Station (Budge Budge, India). He also rendered his technological expertise as Research Associate in a project on innovative fish feed formulation funded by the Directorate of Fishery, Government of West Bengal, India.
Dr. Sana Ahmed is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Oceanography at Techno India University, West Bengal. She earned her Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology from Bangalore University in 2007, followed by a Master of Science in Biotechnology in 2009 from the same university. In 2013, she completed her M.Phil. in Human Genetics and Genomics from Mysore University and obtained her Ph.D. from Techno India University, West Bengal, in 2023. Dr. Ahmed has authored 1 book and has 34 scientific publications covering topics such as Aquaculture, Agribiotechnology, Alternative Livelihood, Climate Change, and Environmental Science. She has presented her researches as speakers at numerous national and international conferences, seminars, workshops, and webinars. Additionally, she serves as an editor for the Parana Journal of Science and Education, an international journal. Her research affiliations also include a position as a researcher at Behala Balananda Brahmachari Hospital and Research Centre in Kolkata, India. Dr. Ahmed's expertise spans climate change, carbon sequestration, alternative livelihoods, and coastal biodiversity. She has provided consultancy services on carbon sequestration and biodiversity assessment for notable organizations such as Haldia Energy Limited, CESC Budge Budge Generating Station, and the Forest Department of the Government of West Bengal, India.
作者簡介(中文翻譯)
阿比吉特·米特拉博士是印度加爾各答大學海洋科學系的副教授及前系主任，自1985年以來一直活躍於海洋學領域。他於1994年獲得博士學位，並在加爾各答大學的碩士學位中獲得金獎。自那時起，他加入了加爾各答港信託和世界自然基金會（WWF-印度），以不同身份進行環境科學、生物多樣性保護、氣候變化和碳封存的研究計劃。目前，米特拉博士擔任西孟加拉邦科技印度大學的研究主任（榮譽）。他在各類國內外期刊上發表了約715篇科學論文，並出版了62本研究生標準的書籍。米特拉博士目前是多個委員會的成員，如PACON國際、IUCN、SIOS、印度紅樹林協會、西孟加拉國立法學大學等，並成功完成了約17個項目和19個有關漁業生物多樣性喪失、沿海污染、水產養殖、替代生計、氣候變化和碳封存的顧問工作。米特拉博士還曾作為教職員和受邀演講者訪問新加坡、肯尼亞、阿曼和美國的多所大學。2008年，米特拉博士受邀作為訪問學者在美國達特茅斯的馬薩諸塞大學進行一系列有關氣候變化的講座。米特拉博士成功指導了56名博士生。目前他的研究領域包括環境科學、紅樹林生態學、可持續水產養殖、替代生計、氣候科學、碳封存和藍色經濟。
蘇菲亞·扎曼博士目前擔任西孟加拉邦科技印度大學海洋學系主任，自2001年以來開始了她的海洋科學職業生涯。她在印度蘇丹班的嚴苛紅樹林生態系統中工作，並在探索蘇丹班的植物和動物多樣性方面擁有廣泛的經驗。她出版了7本有關碳封存的書籍，發表了350篇科學論文，並在多本有關生物多樣性、環境科學、水產養殖和沿海生計發展的書籍中貢獻了章節。扎曼博士目前是印度漁業學會的成員。她還在印度蘇丹班的紅樹林進行碳封存項目。她是DST女性科學家獎和賈瓦哈拉爾紀念博士獎的獲得者。她的研究領域包括水產養殖、魚類營養、浮游植物多樣性、氣候變化、紅樹林生態學和替代生計。扎曼博士也是西孟加拉邦（印度）海事州的首位研究人員，首次在印度蘇丹班的鹹水池中進行鐵肥料試驗，並在印度科學技術部的資助下促進初級（浮游植物）和次級（魚類）生產的增強。扎曼博士還為多個行業、非政府組織和企業提供有關綠色技術和排放控制的顧問服務。
普羅森吉特·普拉馬尼克博士目前擔任西孟加拉邦科技印度大學海洋學系的助理教授。他於2010年在加爾各答大學獲得生物化學學士學位，2012年在西孟加拉邦的維迪亞薩加大學獲得生物化學碩士學位，並於2017年在西孟加拉邦科技印度大學獲得博士學位。他在食品技術、水產養殖、農業生物技術、替代生計和環境科學領域發表了約121篇科學論文，出版了25篇由Springer International、Emerald Group、CSIR-NISCAIR出版的書籍章節、3本書籍，以及17篇會議論文。他參加了各種國內和國際會議、研討會、工作坊和網絡研討會。他還擔任了一個名為「生態系統服務與聯合國可持續發展目標（UNSDG）」的跨洲網絡研討會的副編輯，該研討會的主題為「自然資源及其生態系統服務」。他在水質評估（in situ和ex situ）、從紅樹林植物物種製作食品產品和碳封存方面擁有專業知識。他曾在多個顧問服務中提供碳封存和生物多樣性評估的服務，這些服務由（1）印度西孟加拉邦的康納加爾市政府（2）印度金斯頓教育機構（3）西孟加拉邦政府的森林部（4）印度奧里薩邦卡林加納加爾的塔塔鋼鐵有限公司（5）印度賈坎德邦諾阿蒙迪礦的塔塔鋼鐵有限公司，以及多個以煤為基礎的電力部門如CESC哈爾迪亞能源有限公司（印度哈爾迪亞）、CESC布吉布吉發電站（印度布吉布吉）等進行。作為研究助理，他還在一個由西孟加拉邦政府漁業局資助的創新魚飼料配方項目中提供技術專業知識。
薩娜·艾哈邁德博士目前是西孟加拉邦科技印度大學海洋學系的助理教授。她於2007年在班加羅爾大學獲得生物技術學士學位，並於2009年在同一所大學獲得生物技術碩士學位。2013年，她在邁索爾大學完成了人類遺傳學和基因組學的碩士研究，並於2023年在西孟加拉邦科技印度大學獲得博士學位。艾哈邁德博士著有1本書，並發表了34篇涵蓋水產養殖、農業生物技術、替代生計、氣候變化和環境科學等主題的科學論文。她在多個國內和國際會議、研討會、工作坊和網絡研討會上作為演講者展示了她的研究。此外，她還擔任國際期刊《Parana Journal of Science and Education》的編輯。她的研究機構還包括印度加爾各答的貝哈拉·巴拉南達·布拉馬查里醫院和研究中心的研究員。艾哈邁德博士的專業領域包括氣候變化、碳封存、替代生計和沿海生物多樣性。她為哈爾迪亞能源有限公司、CESC布吉布吉發電站和西孟加拉邦政府森林部等知名組織提供碳封存和生物多樣性評估的顧問服務。
