Modeling Coastal Hypoxia: Numerical Simulations of Patterns, Controls and Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Dynamics
暫譯: 海岸缺氧建模：溶解氧動態的模式、控制因素及影響的數值模擬

本書提供了沿海缺氧及其影響的代表性建模分析快照。缺氧是指水柱中溶解氧濃度低於能夠支持大多數多細胞海洋生物的水平（即 2 mg O₂ l^-1）。自1960年代以來，缺氧區域的數量以指數速度增加；目前全球的河口和沿海水域中已記錄超過600個缺氧區域。缺氧的形成是多種物理和生物因素的協同產物，這些因素影響海水中溶解氧的平衡，包括溫度、太陽輻射、風、新鮮水排放、養分供應以及有機物的生產和分解。隨著傳統的觀察和實驗研究，越來越多的建模方法被應用於缺氧研究。建模是必要的，因為沿海環流和分層模式的快速變化影響缺氧，缺氧的發展範圍廣泛，以及我們在大空間和時間尺度上直接測量缺氧的能力有限。本書由15章組成，廣泛圍繞三個主要主題組織：(1) 缺氧的物理控制建模，(2) 生物地球化學控制及反饋的建模，以及 (3) 缺氧的生態影響建模。最後一章是綜合章，從前面的章節中提煉出一般性結論，突顯當前最先進建模的優缺點，並提供未來方向的建議。

Dr. Dubravko Justic is Texaco Distinguished Professor in the Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences at Louisiana State University (LSU). Previously, he was Eric L. Abraham Distinguished Professor in Louisiana Environmental Studies and Director of LSU's Coastal Ecology Institute. His research interests include ecosystem modeling, coastal eutrophication, hypoxia, and potential impacts of climate change on coastal ecosystems. He has studied extensively low oxygen zones in the northern Adriatic Sea and northern Gulf of Mexico and has employed various types of numerical simulation models to describe controls of environmental factors on hypoxia and predict the consequences of management actions. He is presently working on characterizing connectivity among wetland, estuarine and shelf ecosystems in the northern Gulf of Mexico and evaluating tradeoffs associated with different Mississippi River management alternatives.

Dr. Kenneth Rose is Professor in the Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, and Associate Dean for Research in the College of the Coast and Environment, at Louisiana State University. He will soon be joining the faculty at Horn Point Laboratory, part of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, as the Franz Merrick Professor in Sustainable Ecosystem Restoration. Dr. Rose's research centers on using mathematical and computer simulation modeling to predict and better understand fish population and food web dynamics in estuaries, lakes, reservoirs, and oceans. He was recently awarded the Award of Excellence (for lifetime achievement) from the American Fisheries Society. He has been a member of multiple steering and advisory committees providing scientific guidance and oversight, including several National Academy of Sciences' committees. Dr. Rose has published over 150 papers on topics related to ecological and fisheries modeling and analysis, and has served on multiple editorial boards. He is presently working on the scaling of hypoxia effects from individual fish to the population level.

Dr. Robert Hetland is a Professor in the Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University. His research focuses on understanding and predicting circulation in buoyancy driven flows in estuaries and the coastal ocean. Dr. Hetland's primary research tool is the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) which he uses to perform numerical simulations of coastal and estuarine circulation, with applications that include oil spill trajectory prediction, harmful algal bloom formation, and coastal hypoxia. Dr. Hetland's simulations of circulation over the Texas-Louisiana shelf have provided new insights into the mechanisms that cause seasonal hypoxia in that region. Dr. Hetland is an Editor for the Journal of Geophysical Research.

Dr. Katja Fennel is Professor in the Department of Oceanography at Dalhousie University. As head of the Marine Environmental Modeling Group (http: //memg.ocean.dal.ca), she leads the development of marine ecosystem and biogeochemical models at Dalhousie. For over two decades, Dr. Fennel has developed and applied numerical models of marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry with particular focus on continental shelf systems and the cycling of nitrogen, carbon and oxygen. In addition to implementing biogeochemical models, Dr. Fennel has developed and applied methods for the assimilation of observations into these models in order to improve their predictive capabilities. She serves as co-editor-in-chief of the high-impact journal Biogeosciences, and has served on the editorial boards of three other scientific journals and on several international science advisory bodies including the IMBER/LOICZ Continental Margins Task Team and the CLIVAR Working Group on Ocean Model Development. Currently she is science team member of GODAE OceanView, co-chairs the GODAE Marine Ecosystem Analysis and Prediction Task Team, and serves on the science advisory boards of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service in Europe, the Ocean Frontier Institute at Dalhousie, and the international Biogeochemical Argo steering committee.

杜布拉夫科·尤斯提奇博士是路易斯安那州立大學（LSU）海洋學與沿海科學系的德克薩斯石油公司傑出教授。之前，他是路易斯安那環境研究的艾瑞克·L·亞伯拉罕傑出教授及LSU沿海生態學研究所所長。他的研究興趣包括生態系統建模、沿海富營養化、缺氧以及氣候變遷對沿海生態系統的潛在影響。他廣泛研究了北亞得里亞海和北墨西哥灣的低氧區，並使用各種數值模擬模型來描述環境因素對缺氧的控制，並預測管理行動的後果。他目前正在研究北墨西哥灣濕地、河口和大陸架生態系統之間的連通性，並評估不同密西西比河管理方案的權衡。

肯尼斯·羅斯博士是路易斯安那州立大學海洋學與沿海科學系的教授，並擔任海岸與環境學院的研究副院長。他將很快加入馬里蘭大學環境科學中心的霍恩點實驗室，擔任可持續生態系統修復的弗朗茲·梅里克教授。羅斯博士的研究重點是利用數學和計算機模擬建模來預測和更好地理解河口、湖泊、水庫和海洋中的魚類種群和食物網動態。他最近獲得了美國漁業學會的卓越獎（終身成就獎）。他曾是多個指導和諮詢委員會的成員，提供科學指導和監督，包括幾個美國國家科學院的委員會。羅斯博士已發表超過150篇與生態和漁業建模及分析相關的論文，並曾擔任多個編輯委員會的成員。他目前正在研究從單一魚類到種群層級的缺氧影響的縮放。

羅伯特·赫特蘭德博士是德克薩斯農工大學海洋學系的教授。他的研究專注於理解和預測在河口和沿海海洋中的浮力驅動流的環流。赫特蘭德博士的主要研究工具是區域海洋建模系統（ROMS），他利用該系統進行沿海和河口環流的數值模擬，應用包括油污洩漏軌跡預測、有害藻華形成和沿海缺氧。赫特蘭德博士對德克薩斯-路易斯安那大陸架的環流模擬提供了對該地區季節性缺氧成因的新見解。赫特蘭德博士是《地球物理研究期刊》的編輯。

卡佳·芬內爾博士是達爾豪斯大學海洋學系的教授。作為海洋環境建模小組的負責人（http://memg.ocean.dal.ca），她領導達爾豪斯的海洋生態系統和生物地球化學模型的開發。二十多年來，芬內爾博士專注於大陸架系統及氮、碳和氧的循環，開發和應用海洋生態系統和生物地球化學的數值模型。除了實施生物地球化學模型外，芬內爾博士還開發和應用觀測數據同化的方法，以提高模型的預測能力。她擔任高影響力期刊《生物地球科學》的共同主編，並曾在三個其他科學期刊的編輯委員會和幾個國際科學諮詢機構中任職，包括IMBER/LOICZ大陸邊緣任務小組和CLIVAR海洋模型開發工作組。目前，她是GODAE OceanView的科學團隊成員，擔任GODAE海洋生態系統分析與預測任務小組的共同主席，並在歐洲的哥白尼海洋環境監測服務、達爾豪斯的海洋前沿研究所以及國際生物地球化學阿爾戈指導委員會的科學諮詢委員會中任職。