Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 12/e (Paperback)

NEW TO THIS EDITION
The twelfth edition of this book has undergone major revisions to include the latest research in exercise physiology. Notably, new suggested readings and references have been added to all chapters. Also, three new chapters focused on "Exercise is Medicine" have been added; these new chapters replace Chaps. 15, 16, and 17 in the previous edition. Further, to improve the remaining chapters in the book, each chapter contains new and expanded discussions, fresh text boxes, and more than 100 new figures were added to this edition. The following provides a brief chapter-by-chapter summary of some of the important changes made to the twelfth edition of this book:

Chapter 0: A new section was added on advances in exercise physiology research tools; this segment includes a discussion of the use of "omics" in exercise physiology research. Moreover, new updated information about exercise-induced changes in white adipocytes was added. Finally, fresh information on the discovery that extracellular vesicles play a role in cell-to cell signaling was added to the revised chapter.

Chapter 1: Numerous new photos illustrating various types of ergometers were added to the chapter along with new information about using MET-hours per week to track the intensity and volume of exercise performed.

Chapter 2: New information added about the role that extracellular vesicles play in both paracrine and endocrine signaling. This fresh material is illustrated by a new figure highlighting the role that extracellular vesicles play as a signaling mechanism for both paracrine and endocrine signaling.

Chapter 3: This revised chapter contains several new figures including fresh illustrations depicting the impact of both temperature and pH on enzyme activity. Further, the discussion about the role that carbohydrates (i.e., glycogen) play in energy production has been expanded in the revised chapter.

Chapter 4: Several new figures were added to this chapter along with a discussion about the four domains of exercise intensity. Further, the revised text contains a new and updated discussion about sources of ATP in the transition from rest-to-exercise. Finally, this imp proved chapter also contains new discussion about the mechanisms responsible for excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.

Chapter 5: New information has been added about the role that the endocrine system plays in regulating the acute exercise response, control of bioenergetics, and the adaptive responses to exercise training, A new figure summarizes a technique used to measure plasma volume changes during exercise.

Chapter 6: New information about viruses has been added to this chapter a discussion ab about how regular physical activity protects the body against viral infection. A new Clinical Application provides updated research findings on the impact of aging on immune function, and how regular exercise can slow the effects of aging on the Immune system. The addition of a new students with a better understanding of how the immune system responds to breaks in the skin and bacterial exposure. Clinical Applications 6.2 is also new to this chapter, providing students with a clear understanding of how a physically active lifestyle reduces the risk of hospitalization and death during COVID-19 infection.

Chapter 7: Updated research findings detail the mechanistic links between exercise and the improvement of central nervous system function through the release of brain-derived neurotropic factor and other chemical factors. An updated and expanded discussion of exercise and multiple sclerosis is provided in Clinical Applications 7.1. The discussion on sport-related brain injuries is updated with new key information. A new sub-section on motor unit aging and the protective influence of exercise training was added to the chapter.

Chapter 8: This revised chapter contains new figures and the latest information on excitation contraction coupling along with an expanded discussion about the cause of exercise induced muscle cramps
Chapter 9: Several new figures are provided, including the cardiac pressure volume responses compared between rest and high intensity exercise. The section on exercise and beta-blockade has been updated and includes a new illustration to highlight the key physiologic effects of beta blockade on heart rate at rest and during exercise.

Chapter 10: This chapter has been revised to provide information about the impact that severe COVID-19 has on the lung and pulmonary gas-exchange. Further, a new research focus box was added to discuss exercise-related transient abdominal pain (aka, stitch). The incidence of this problem during exercise is discussed as well as the potential mechanisms responsible for this common exercise-related ailment.

Chapter 11: Updated research findings highlight the importance of pH regulation during acute exercise. The Winning Edge 11.1 has been updated to include new research related to use of sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, and beta-alanine as dietary supplements to improve blood buffering capacity during exercise.

Chapter 12: New information on sweat rates during exercise provide the student with an updated discussion of the physiologic control of sweating during exercise in hot environments. In addition, new information and a new illustration is provided to discuss the eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine control of sweating. Research Focus 12.1 has been revised to provide students with an improved understanding about training techniques to achieve heat adaptation during exercise in a cool environment.

Chapter 13: Several new figures have been added to this chapter along with an expanded discussion about the role that training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle play in dampening the afferent feedback from type Ill and IV afferents to the cardiorespiratory control centers during exercise. Further, the discussion of the impact that training-induced increases in mitochondrial volume has on the regulation of bioenergetics has been updated. A new box feature was added to discuss the role that genetic endowment plays in determining athletic performance. Lastly, the section on muscle adaptations to anaerobic
training has been expanded to include the latest information on this topic.

Chapter 14: This chapter has been updated to include new information about the impact formation of resistance training on the properties of specific muscle fiber types. Also, a new box feature explores the role of blood flow restriction as a new tool for rehabilitation from musculoskeletal injuries.

Chapter 15: This chapter is new to the twelfth edition of this book and is the first chapter of a three chapter trilogy on "Exercise is Medicine." This initial chapter (Exercise is Medicine-part 1) focuses on exercise as a positive health behavior that can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. This chapter also discusses the health risk associated with both sedentary behavior and physical inactivity. Much of this chapter focuses on the evidence that both aerobic and resistance exercise reduce the risk of all-cause mortality and chronic diseases. Importantly, the chapter also discusses the mechanisms responsible for this exercise-induced protection against chronic diseases.

Chapter 16: This chapter is the second new unit in the Exercise is Medicine series. Most of the chapter focuses on the role of exercise as an effective therapy for chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, and type 2 diabetes. The chapter closes with a discussion of exercise as a therapy to diminish the age-related declines in physiological function (i.e., decreases in VO2 max, sarcopenia, and loss of bone mineral density).

Chapter 17: This chapter is the third and final new chapter in the Exercise is Medicine trilogy. The focus of this chapter is a discussion of the current U.S. physical activity guidelines for health. This unit also discusses the exercise prescription to improve both cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. The chapter closes with a summary of training methods to improve flexibility.

Chapter 18: This chapter has been revised to include new information about the impact of exercise alone on long-term weight loss. Further, the latest information about the impact of combining exercise and diet on both weight loss and the maintenance of fat free mass has been added. Lastly, new information has been added to explain the impact that specific exercise modalities have on the reduction in visceral fat.

Chapter 19: Significant changes were made throughout this chapter including new figures, featured sections, and new research findings. A new Winning Edge box highlights research and coaching efforts to break the 2-hour marathon. An updated discussion about the potential sites of exercise-induced uscular
fatigue is included in this revised chapter.

Chapter 20: This chapter includes many updated sections on training for improved athletic performance. Updates include a discussion of concurrent training in previously sedentary persons. An updated and expanded discussion of interval training includes a new figure that compares moderate intensity continuous training versus high intensity interval training and sprint interval

Chapter 21: This revised chapter has been updated in several areas. For example, new research about the impact of exercise training on children has been added. Also, a revised discussion about the risk for sudden death in young athletes is provided. New research findings related to exercise and pregnancy is also included, in addition to an updated discussion on the increased risk for knee injury in females. A new Research Focus box provides a cutting-edge discussion of sex as a biological variable in exercise and sport-related research. Lastly, the discussion of exercise and aging is expanded in a new section on the benefits of lifelong exercise.

Chapter 22: The revised chapter includes updated research findings in several areas. For example, an expanded discussion about the impact of rinsing the mouth with carbohydrate solutions to improve exercise performance has been added. Also, a new section on time-restricted feeding has been added to the revised text.

Chapter 24: This updated chapter includes a new section on performance enhancing technology. New information on wearable devices, running shoes with carbon plates, klapskates for elite speed skaters, blade-prosthetics for persons with lower-limb amputations, and performance-enhancing competitive swimsuits has been added. Further, an updated figure on cycling equipment and bike racing techniques has been added to this chapter.

本版新增內容

本書的第十二版經過重大修訂，包括了最新的運動生理學研究。值得注意的是，所有章節都新增了新的建議閱讀和參考文獻。此外，還新增了三個關於「運動即為醫學」的新章節；這些新章節取代了上一版中的第15、16和17章。為了改善書中的其餘章節，每個章節都包含了新的擴展討論、新的文本框和超過100個新圖片。以下簡要介紹了本書第十二版的一些重要變化：



第0章：新增了一個關於運動生理學研究工具進展的新部分；該部分包括了關於在運動生理學研究中使用「組學」的討論。此外，還新增了有關運動誘導的白色脂肪細胞變化的最新信息。最後，修訂章節中新增了有關細胞間信號傳遞中細胞外囊泡的作用的新信息。



第1章：在本章中新增了許多描繪各種測功器的新照片，以及有關使用每週MET時數來追踪運動強度和量的新信息。



第2章：新增了有關細胞外囊泡在副內分泌和內分泌信號傳遞中的作用的新信息。這些新材料通過一個新的圖片突出了細胞外囊泡在副內分泌和內分泌信號傳遞中的作用。



第3章：修訂後的本章包含了幾個新圖片，包括新插圖描繪了溫度和pH對酶活性的影響。此外，對碳水化合物（即糖原）在能量產生中的作用的討論在修訂章節中得到了擴展。



第4章：在本章中新增了幾個新圖片，以及有關運動強度的四個領域的討論。此外，修訂後的文本中新增了一個新的和更新的討論，關於從休息到運動過程中ATP來源的機制。最後，這一改進的章節還包含了有關過度運動後氧耗機制的新討論。



第5章：新增了有關內分泌系統在調節急性運動反應、生物能量控制和運動訓練適應反應中的作用的新信息。一個新的圖片總結了一種用於測量運動期間血漿容積變化的技術。



第6章：在本章中新增了有關病毒的新信息，以及有關定期體育活動如何保護身體免受病毒感染的討論。一個新的臨床應用提供了有關衰老對免疫功能的影響以及定期運動如何減緩免疫系統衰老影響的最新研究結果。新增了一個新的臨床應用，讓學生更好地了解免疫系統對皮膚損傷和細菌暴露的反應。第6.2節也是本章的新內容，提供了學生對於在COVID-19感染期間，積極的生活方式如何降低住院和死亡風險的清晰理解。



第7章：更新的研究結果詳細介紹了運動與改善中樞神經系統功能之間的機制聯繫，通過釋放腦源性神經營養因子和其他化學因子。在臨床應用7.1中提供了關於運動和多發性硬化症的更新和擴展討論。有關運動相關腦損傷的討論更新了新的關鍵信息。在本章中新增了一個關於運動單元衰老和運動訓練的保護影響的新小節。

Scott K. Powers, University of Florida and Stetson University
Edward T. Howley, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
John C. Quindry, University of Montana

Scott K. Powers，佛羅里達大學和史特森大學
Edward T. Howley，田納西大學諾克斯維爾分校
John C. Quindry，蒙大拿大學

Table of Contents
Section 1 Physiology of Exercise
CHAPTER 0: Introduction to Exercise Physiology
CHAPTER 1: Common Measurements in Exercise Physiology
CHAPTER 2: Control of the Internal Environment
CHAPTER 3: Bioenergetics
CHAPTER 4: Exercise Metabolism
CHAPTER 5: Cell Signaling and the Hormonal Responses to Exercise
CHAPTER 6: Exercise and the Immune System
CHAPTER 7: The Nervous System: Structure and Control of Movement
CHAPTER 8: Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function
CHAPTER 9: Circulatory Responses to Exercise
CHAPTER 10: Respiration during Exercise
CHAPTER 11: Acid-Base Balance during Exercise
CHAPTER 12: Temperature Regulation
CHAPTER 13: The Physiology of Training: Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Training
CHAPTER 14: The Physiology of Resistance Training

Section 2 Physiology of Health and Fitness
CHAPTER 15: Exercise Is Medicine-Part 1: Physical of Chronic Diseases
CHAPTER 16: Exercise Is Medicine-Part 2: Therapy for Chronic Diseases and Prevention of Agerelated Physiological Dysfunction
CHAPTER 17: Exercise Is Medicine-Part 3: Exercise Prescriptions for Health and Fitness
CHAPTER 18: Nutrition, Body Composition, and Weight Management

Section 3 Physiology of Performance
CHAPTER 19: Factors Affecting Performance
CHAPTER 20: Training for Performance
CHAPTER 21: Training for the Female Athlete, Children, Special Populations, and the Masters Athlete
CHAPTER 22: Nutrition, Body Composition, and Performance
CHAPTER 23: Exercise and the Environment
CHAPTER 24: Ergogenic Aids

目錄

第一部分 運動生理學

第0章：運動生理學簡介

第1章：運動生理學中的常見測量

第2章：內部環境的控制

第3章：生物能量學

第4章：運動代謝

第5章：細胞信號和運動的激素反應

第6章：運動與免疫系統

第7章：神經系統：運動的結構和控制

第8章：骨骼肌肉：結構和功能

第9章：運動對循環系統的反應

第10章：運動期間的呼吸

第11章：運動期間的酸鹼平衡

第12章：體溫調節

第13章：訓練的生理學：有氧和無氧訓練的效果

第14章：抗阻訓練的生理學



第二部分 健康和健身的生理學

第15章：運動是醫學-第一部分：慢性疾病的身體

第16章：運動是醫學-第二部分：慢性疾病的治療和預防年齡相關的生理功能障礙

第17章：運動是醫學-第三部分：健康和健身的運動處方

第18章：營養、體組成和體重管理



第三部分 表現的生理學

第19章：影響表現的因素

第20章：為表現而訓練

第21章：女性運動員、兒童、特殊人群和老年運動員的訓練

第22章：營養、體組成和表現

第23章：運動與環境

第24章：增強劑